Sources of intratrial interference in immediate recall of paired associates

Retrieval inhibition from part-set cuing: A persisting enigma in memory research

“…These results were independent of the order in which the items had initially been presented. The latter finding is similar to an earlier one by Tulving and Arbuckle (1963). In that case, each pair of associates was composed of a single digit and a single word.…”

Improving memory after environmental context change: A strategy of “preinstatement”

“…The context change in the DC condition may have aided L 1 memory by reducing output interference if fewer L 2 intrusion errors were made (Tulving & Arbuckle, 1963). If the context change manipulation was effective, it should have differentiated the lists in memory (Lehman & Malmberg, 2009).…”

Retrieval-induced forgetting in an eyewitness-memory paradigm

“…A second factor that merits discussion-output interference-refers to the phenomenon that the first items retrieved during a recall task may interfere with the production of additional items (e.g., Roediger, 1974;Roediger & Schmidt, 1980;Tulving & Arbuckle, 1963). Although the order of final recall in the present experiment was counterbalanced in one respect-that is, half of the subjects were asked to recall members of the practiced category first and the other half were asked about the unpracticed category first-subjects were free to recall the items within each category in whatever order they wanted.…”