Sources of Pb(0) artefacts during XPS analysis of lead halide perovskites

McGettrick, James D.; Hooper, Katherine; Pockett, Adam; Baker, Jennifer; Troughton, Joel; Carnie, Matthew J.; Watson, Trystan

doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2019.04.081

Cited by 115 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The values of these peaks are compared to those of other elements in the spectra and are summarised in Table S4, † which suggests that with extended drying time there is the formation of lead iodide and Pb 0 on the surface of the lms. 67 This is further evidenced by the changes in the lm morphology seen in SEM images (Fig. S14 †) that show an increase in lighter shaded tetragonal rod shaped features that appear to be lead iodide crystallites on the surface of the perovskite lm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Acetonitrile based single step slot-die compatible perovskite ink for flexible photovoltaics

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Acetonitrile based single step slot-die compatible perovskite ink for flexible photovoltaics

et al. 2019

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“…Moreover, we find the SO splitting does not depend on the sample preparation. The other two less intense peaks observed at 141.2 eV and 136.4 eV in the XPS ofFigure 2(h) stem from Pb 0 oxidation state32,33 and indicate sample damage induced by the flux of X-rays used in the experiment. This damage occurs randomly and does not indicate systematic changes to chemical bonding of each respective material as a function of differences in precursor solutions.In addition to using Pb photoemission features to assess the characteristics of hybrid perovskite samples, the position of the N 1s line helps confirm the formation of hybrid perovskite SAQWs 31.…”

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confidence: 99%

Kinetic Molecular Cationic Control of Defect-Induced Broadband Light Emission in 2D Hybrid Lead Iodide Perovskites

Sanni

Rury

2020

J. Phys. Chem. Lett.

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In this study, we examine the effects of changing organic cation concentrations on the efficiency and photophysical implications of exciton trapping in two-dimensional hybrid lead iodide self-assembled quantum wells (SAQWs). We show that increasing the concentration of alkyl and aryl ammonium cations causes the formation of SAQWs at a liquid−liquid interface to possess intense, broadband subgap photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies suggest that materials formed under these cation concentrations possess morphologies consistent with inhibited crystallization kinetics but exhibit qualitatively similar bulk chemical bonding to nonluminescent materials stabilized in the same structure from precursor solutions containing lower cation concentrations. Temperature-and power-dependent PL spectra suggest that the broadband subgap light emission stems from excitons self-trapped at defect sites, which we assign as edge-like, collective I vacancies using a simple model of the chemical equilibrium driving material self-assembly. These results suggest that changes to the availability of molecular cations can suitably control the light emission properties of self-assembled hybrid organic−inorganic materials in ways central to their applicability in lighting technologies.

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“…A Pb o atom is frequently associated with decomposition of remnant PbI 2 in perovskite films, or the formation of lead oxide (PbO) resulting from the oxidation of perovskite film during XPS measurements. [ 29 ] After FPEAI passivation, the Pb metallic peak quenched noticeably, indicating less remnant PbI 2 on the perovskite film surface. Concurrently, the I 3d 3/2 (≈631.0 eV) and I 3d 5/2 (619.5 eV) peaks of the FPEAI‐treated perovskite film in Figure 3b showed marginally higher emission intensity compared with the pristine perovskite film, which primarily arises from the additional iodine content introduced by the FPEAI salts on the perovskite film surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimensionality and Defect Engineering Using Fluoroaromatic Cations for Efficiency and Stability Enhancement in 3D/2D Perovskite Photovoltaics

et al. 2020

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State‐of‐the‐art perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on three‐dimensional (3D) films have achieved high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), but are relatively fragile in high‐temperature and humid environments. This shortcoming must be addressed before PSCs can be fully commercialized. Herein, the use of a fluorinated aromatic organic spacer cation, 4‐fluoro‐phenethylammonium iodide (FPEAI), to fine‐tune the dimensionality and surface morphology of perovskite films is demonstrated. Surface treatment with FPEAI can lead to in situ formation of a two‐dimensional (2D) (FPEA)2PbI4 perovskite capping layer atop a 3D perovskite film, producing novel 3D/2D interface in perovskite films. Simultaneously, FPEAI treatment can induce a novel grain‐boundary passivation effect on the film surface, which helps to suppress undesirable charge recombination. After FPEAI treatment, standard (0.09 cm2) and large‐area (2.00 cm2) PSCs achieve PCEs of 20.53% and 16.82%, respectively. The FPEAI‐treated PSCs also demonstrate superior air‐ and photo‐stability due to the hydrophobic (FPEA)2PbI4 capping layer that reduces moisture ingress into perovskite structures. Furthermore, a 11.2 cm2 large FPEAI‐treated PSC module with a PCE of 13.66% are successfully fabricated. FPEAI passivation is a facile strategy to produce 3D/2D multi‐dimensional PSCs with superior performance and stability.

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Sources of Pb(0) artefacts during XPS analysis of lead halide perovskites

Cited by 115 publications

References 22 publications

Acetonitrile based single step slot-die compatible perovskite ink for flexible photovoltaics

Acetonitrile based single step slot-die compatible perovskite ink for flexible photovoltaics

Kinetic Molecular Cationic Control of Defect-Induced Broadband Light Emission in 2D Hybrid Lead Iodide Perovskites

Dimensionality and Defect Engineering Using Fluoroaromatic Cations for Efficiency and Stability Enhancement in 3D/2D Perovskite Photovoltaics

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