Sourcing limestone masonry for restoration of historic buildings, a spectroscopic pilot study

Abstract

This study presents a combined Fourier transform (FT) mid-infrared, laser Raman and Commission Internationale d’Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* system analysis of quarry-derived impure limestone and fallen masonry from a medieval listed building situated in the south east of England, to ascertain how spectroscopic information can be collectively employed to identify the most exacting possible replacement stone source. Data shows that subtle differences in [Al] and [Fe3+] octahedral and tetrahedral site occupancy in glauconite group clays registered in the mid-infrared [3530cm-1/3620cm-1] absorption ratio exerts some influence on L*Cab*hab* values. Increases in L* and Cab are associated with decreasing clay content. The overall weakness of correlations between infrared and visible range spectral attributes indicates multiple contributing sources to overall color. Evidence indicates that the degree of laser Raman induced background noise is related to the overall calcite content and that activators of fluorescence at 785nm excitation wave length may also contribute to rock color. The results are utilized to define closest matching quarry samples to the fallen masonry

The chemometric study of limestone physico-chemical properties and thermal behavior for application in construction composites

“…calcite as the main phase) can be described as D 3 (A 1 (R)(V 1 ), A 2 (I)(V 2 ) and E(I,R)(V 3 , V 4 )) which is in agreement with the crystalline structure that can be determined via XRD measurements [42]. Also, a frequency value of the infrared inactive fundamental V 1 of calcite can be determined from the frequencies of two combination bands V 1 +V 3 and V 1 +V 4 observed at 2515 cm -1 and 1798 cm -1 , respectively, for the samples at low temperature, resulting in the average value 1088 cm -1 for V 1 which is in agreement with the value that can be obtained from the Raman spectra of calcite [44].…”

“…The registered bands are all considered to be caused by the CO 3 groups with the crystals [43]. Namely, from the analysis of the space group characteristics, the existence of four molecular frequencies for the CO 3 ions in calcite is acknowledged of which three are active in the infrared spectrum [43][44][45].…”

Investigation in order to defined the technological process of obtaining fillers for use in various industries on the basis of limestone 'Gigovici'-Ulcinj

“…Thereby, the site symmetry for CO 3 2-that is present in the limestone (i.e., calcite as the main phase) can be described as D 3 (A 1 (R)(υ 1 ), A 2 (I)(υ 2 ) and E (I, R) (υ 3 , υ 4 )) which is in agreement with the crystalline structure that can be determined via XRD measurements [2,30]. Also, a frequency value of the infrared inactive fundamental υ 1 of calcite can be determined from the frequencies of two combination bands υ 1 +υ 3 and υ 1 +υ 4 observed at 2515 cm -1 and 1798 cm -1 , respectively, for the samples at low temperature, resulting in the average value 1088 cm -1 for υ 1, which is in agreement with the value that can be obtained from the Raman spectra of calcite [2,31].…”

“…The FTIR bands at 1424, 876 and 712 cm -1 had distinguished peaks, while the rest of peaks were minor. The registered bands are all considered to be caused by the CO 3 groups with the crystals [2,31]. Namely, from the analysis of the space group characteristics, the existence of four molecular frequencies for the CO 3 ions in calcite is acknowledged, of which three of them are active in the infrared spectrum [2,[30][31][32].…”

Indoor Microclimatic Variables Assessment by Vibrational Spectroscopy on Original Structure of Tropaeum Traiani Monument, Adamclisi

“…The signals around 1395 cm -1 suggest the formation of various coordinated bicarbonate groups which overlap calcium carbonate absorption bands [42,46]. The presence of vaterite and calcite can be related with the peaks revealed around 1085 cm -1 (medium/weak signals in FTIR spectra and strong signals in Raman spectra) and 712 cm -1 respectively (medium/strong signals in FTIR and weak signals in Raman spectra) [33,42,47,48]. Intense signals around 1085 cm -1 in Raman spectra also suggest an overlapping of spectral bands due to the vaterite (1089 cm -1 ), calcite and aragonite (1084 cm -1 ) [33,41]; also, other studies [30] point out that a broad signal with a sharp peak with a maximum at 1083 cm −1 indicates the formation of crystalline calcium carbonates and amorphous calcium carbonate.…”