“…Second, as Tesfai and de Gruchy (2021) note, South Africa’s mitigation response was characterised by ‘a lack of migration-aware and mobility-competent policies’. The nationalistic response to COVID-19 meant that only South Africans automatically qualified for the ZAR50 billion (USD26 billion) in government pandemic relief and the range of economic and social protection measures introduced by government (Bhorat et al, 2021; Moses & Woolard, 2023; Noyoo, 2023). Their lack of access to government relief programs meant that many migrants and refugees experienced additional economic hardship during lockdown (Angu et al, 2022; Mushomi et al, 2022; Mutambara et al, 2022; Nhengu, 2022; Odunitan-Wayas et al, 2021; Ola, 2021).…”