Southern Cooking and Lung Cancer

Abstract

Dietary associations were examined as part of a case-control study exploring reasons for exceptionally high rates of lung cancer in northeast Florida. Interviews, which included a nationally standardized food frequency questionnaire, were conducted with 507 patients diagnosed with lung cancer during 1993-1996 or their next of kin and 1,007 persons of similar age, race, and gender randomly selected from the general population. A substantial reduction in risk was associated with high consumption of nutrient-dense fruits and vegetables. Risk was nearly doubled among men and women in the highest quartile of fat intake. The effects were most prominent for saturated and monounsaturated fats and not apparent for polyunsaturated fat consumption. Increased risk was linked to consumption of several individual high-fat foods, including some traditional Southern foods or methods of cooking, such as cooking vegetables with lard/fatback/bacon fat. Reported use of vitamin/mineral supplements was associated with decrease risk of lung cancer as well as dietary consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and some carotenoids. The findings are consistent with emerging evidence that risk of lung cancer rises with increasing dietary fat consumption. They indicate the need for further research to determine whether the association between fat intake and lung cancer is causal and, if so, to clarify the relationships with individual fat fractions.

Cruciferous Vegetable Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review

“…In data generated from case-control studies, the pooled odds ratios for lung cancer risk comparing the highest-versus-lowest categories of intake were 0.53 (95% CI: 0.34-0.83; p heterogeneity = 0.14; I 2 = 43.0%) for broccoli (39, 42, 44-46) and 0.70 (95% CI: 0.54-0.91; p heterogeneity = 0.02; I 2 =54.9%) for cabbage (37, 39-41, 43, 48-51). …”

Divergent Syntheses of Resorcylic Acid Lactones: L‐783277, LL‐Z1640‐2, and Hypothemycin

“…lowest intake category for fruits42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52 or vegetables 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63. Other case‐control studies have shown weaker or nonsignificant associations 44, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71. Only a large case‐control study among female nonsmokers reported a significant positive association for fruit consumption 72.…”

“…For carrots and green leafy vegetables, reductions in lung cancer risk of 40–60% generally have been observed in case‐control studies for comparisons of the highest vs . lowest intakes 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 55, 59, 62, 63, 65, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81. However, in our analyses and among the cohort studies78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86 that did not meet the criteria for inclusion in our study, weaker, and mostly nonsignificant, associations were observed for total vegetable, carrot and green leafy vegetable consumption.…”

Fruits, vegetables and lung cancer: A pooled analysis of cohort studies

“…72 For carrots and green leafy vegetables, reductions in lung cancer risk of 40 -60% generally have been observed in case-control studies for comparisons of the highest vs. lowest intakes. 42,43,45,47,49,51,52,55,59,62,63,65,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81] However, in our analyses and among the cohort studies 78 -80,82-86 that did not meet the criteria for inclusion in our study, weaker, and mostly nonsignificant, associations were observed for total vegetable, carrot and green leafy vegetable consumption. As in the case-control studies, an inverse association for total fruits was observed in our analyses, although nonsignificant associations have been observed in most, 78,79,82,86,87 but not all, 80,83 of the cohort studies not included in our analyses.…”