Soybean Yields with Direct and Residual Nitrogen Fertilization<sup>1</sup>

Welch, L. F.; Boone, L. V.; Chambliss, C. G.; Christiansen, Andreas; Mulvaney, D. L.; Oldham, Michelle; Pendleton, J. W.

doi:10.2134/agronj1973.00021962006500040007x

Cited by 73 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…In contrast, McCoy (2016) observed 2.5% greater seed yield with PCU compared to urea + NBPT in Mississippi. Welch et al (1973) found that N application method (plow-down, disked-in, side-dressed) had no effect on soybean seed yield for N application at either early flowering or pod-filling stage in Illinois.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Wood et al (1993) concluded that applying N fertilizer at R5 was more reliable for increasing seed yield than applying at R1. However, no differences in seed yield were reported for N application at early flowering or pod filling (Welch et al, 1973), nor at V4 and R3 (McCoy, 2016). Barker and Sawyer (2005) found no differences in soybean seed yield due to N source (polymer coated urea [PCU] or urea) and N placement (broadcast or banded) in Iowa, as did Osborne and Riedell (2006b) for ammonium nitrate or urea, Welch et al (1973) for organic or inorganic fertilizers, Wesley et al (1998) for urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), ammonium nitrate (AN), urea, urea + NBPT (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) urease inhibitor, and Schmitt et al (2001) for urea or PCU.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, no differences in seed yield were reported for N application at early flowering or pod filling (Welch et al, 1973), nor at V4 and R3 (McCoy, 2016). Barker and Sawyer (2005) found no differences in soybean seed yield due to N source (polymer coated urea [PCU] or urea) and N placement (broadcast or banded) in Iowa, as did Osborne and Riedell (2006b) for ammonium nitrate or urea, Welch et al (1973) for organic or inorganic fertilizers, Wesley et al (1998) for urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), ammonium nitrate (AN), urea, urea + NBPT (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) urease inhibitor, and Schmitt et al (2001) for urea or PCU. Similarly, Salvagiotti et al (2009) found no difference in soybean yields between PCU (pre-plant applied at 20 cm below soil surface) and applications of ammonium nitrate, either as split between pre-plant and V6, or as a single surface application at R5.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soybean response to nitrogen application across the United States: A synthesis-analysis

Mourtzinis

Kaur

Orlowski

et al. 2018

Field Crops Research

105

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A B S T R A C TThe effects of supplemental nitrogen (N) on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed yield have been the focus of much research over the past four decades. However, most experiments were region-specific and focused on the effect of a single N-related management choice, thus resulting in a limited inference space. Here, we composited data from individual experiments conducted across the US that examined the effect of N fertilization on soybean yield. The combined database included 207 environments (experiment × year combinations) for a total of 5991 N-treated soybean yields. We used hierarchical modeling and conditional inference tree analysis on the combined dataset to establish the relationship and contribution of several N management choices on soybean yield. The N treatment variables were: N-application (single or split), N-method (soil incorporated, foliar, etc.), Ntiming (pre-plant, at a reproductive stage, etc.), and N-rate (from a 0 N control to as much as 560 kg ha). Of the total yield variability, 68% was associated with the effect of environment, whereas only a small fraction of that variability (< 1%) was attributable to each N variable. Averaged over all experiments, a single N application and the split N application were 60 and 110 kg ha −1 greater yielding than the zero N control treatment, respectively. A split N application with more than one method (e.g., soil incorporated and foliar) resulted in 120 kg ha −1 greater yield than zero N plots. Split N application between planting and reproductive stages (Rn) resulted in greater yield than zero N and single application during a Rn; however, the effect was not significantly different than N application at other growth stages. Increasing the N rate increased the environment average soybean yield; however, 93% of the environment-specific N-rate responses were not significant which suggested a minimal effect of N across the examined region. A large yield variability was observed among environments E-mail address: mourtzinis@wisc.edu (S. Mourtzinis).Abbreviations: BNF, biological nitrogen fixation; C, check (no nitrogen was applied); MM, major management practices; N, nitrogen; N-rate, nitrogen rate; N-application, number of nitrogen applications; N-method, method of nitrogen application; N-timing, timing of nitrogen application (growth stage/s); P, all nitrogen was applied at planting only; PR, split nitrogen application at planting and reproductive growth stages; pP, all nitrogen was applied at pre-planting only; Rn, reproductive growth stage; R, all nitrogen was applied at a reproductive growth stage only; RR, split nitrogen application at two reproductive growth stages; V, all nitrogen was applied at a vegetative growth stage only; Vn, vegetative growth stage MARKwithin the same N rates, which was attributed to growing environment differences (e.g., in-season weather conditions, soil type etc.) and non-N related management (e.g., irrigation). Conditional inference tree analysis identified N-timing and N-rate to be conditional to irriga...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soybean response to nitrogen application across the United States: A synthesis-analysis

Mourtzinis

Kaur

Orlowski

et al. 2018

Field Crops Research

105

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“…Soil applications of N provided no yield advantage regardless of N source including NH 4 NO 3 (ammonium nitrate) (Welch et al, 1973), NaNO 3 (sodium nitrate) (Deibert et al, 1979), (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (ammonium sulfate) (Chesney, 1973;Pal and Saxena, 1976), CO(NH 2 ) 2 (urea) (Flavio et al, 2003;Schmitt et al, 2001), or polymer-coated CO(NH 2 ) 2 (Schmitt et al, 2001). Application methods (broadcast, sidedress, or banding), timing (planting or R1 through R5) (Fehr and Caviness, 1977), and rates (0 to 200 kg ha -1 ) did not improve soybean yields (Chesney, 1973;Deibert et al, 1979;Flavio et al, 2003;Hoeft et al, 2000;Pal and Saxena, 1976;Varco, 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

Genetic Gain × Management Interactions in Soybean: II. Nitrogen Utilization

et al. 2014

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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain yield has annually increased nearly 23 kg ha−1, but the interaction of genetic advancement and improved agronomic practices has not been well quantified, including N utilization and fertilization. A field study with soybean cultivars released from 1923 to 2008 in maturity group (MG) II and MG III was conducted in multiple environments with a nonlimiting supply of fertilizer N to examine the main effects and interactions of N supply and release year on grain yield and seed quality. We hypothesized that grain yield and seed quality would be improved with the nonlimiting supply of N, especially for the modern cultivars. Supplemental N totaled 560 kg N ha−1 with 40% applied at planting and 60% applied at V5. Grain yield increased with release year in MG II (17.2 kg ha−1 yr−1). Application of N to MG II cultivars increased seed protein by 10 to 19.5 g kg−1 across all release years, but grain yield and seed oil was not affected. Grain yield gains of MG III cultivars fertilized with N was 27.4 kg ha−1 yr−1, which was 20% better than unfertilized (22.8 kg ha−1 yr−1). Application of N to MG III cultivars increased seed mass (11%) across release years with no changes in seed protein and oil. The nonlimiting supply of N increased seed protein across all release years in MG II cultivars, and the N supply from the soil and biological N fixation was insufficient to maximize grain yield in modern, MG III cultivars in the tested environments.

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“…Also, in Illinois mineral N fertilization had not effects on soybean yields even in cases of band fertilization close to soybean rows. Also, N fertilization was superfluous for maize in soybean-maize rotation (Welch et al, 1973). However, the experiences from USA are not possible to applying in less fertile soils of middle and eastern Europe.…”

Section: Nitrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%