Space flight effects on paramecium tetraurelia flown aboard Salyut 6 in the Cytos I and Cytos M experiments

Panel, H.; Tixador, R.; Richoilley, G.; Bassler, R.; Monrozies, E.; Nefedov, Yu. G.; Gretchko, G

doi:10.1016/0273-1177(81)90249-0

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…However, the clinorotation used in the present paper (slow clinorotation) did not confirm the increased proliferation rate of Paramecium in real microgravity (Planel et al, 1981) and on a fast rotation clinostat (>60 rpm) (Ayed et al, 1992;Hemmersbach-Krause et al, 1990).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

“…Previous space experiments aboard the Soviet orbital station Salyut 6 (CYTOS experiment) and the Space Shuttle (D1 mission) reported that the proliferation of Paramecium became faster (about 160%) under microgravity in space (Planel et al, 1981;Richoilley et al, 1986). The same authors reported that proliferation became slower (about 70%) under hypergravity (20g) provided by centrifugation (Tixador et al, 1984;Planel et al, 1990;Richoilley et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Cell proliferation of Paramecium tetraurelia on a slow rotating clinostat

Sawai

Mogami

Baba

2007

Advances in Space Research

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Cell proliferation of Paramecium tetraurelia on a slow rotating clinostat

Sawai

Mogami

Baba

2007

Advances in Space Research

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“…Paramecium has been known to proliferate faster in microgravity (Planel et al, 1981;Richoilley et al, 1986) whereas it proliferates slower in hypergravity (Tixador et al, 1984;Planel et al, 1990;Richoilley et al, 1993;Kato et al, 2003). Paramecium also modulates its propulsive thrust depending on the swimming direction with respect to gravity; it increases the thrust when swimming upwards and decreases it when swimming downwards (Machemer et al, 1991;Ooya et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substantial energy expenditure for locomotion in ciliates verified by means of simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption rate and swimming speed

Katsu-Kimura

Nakaya

Baba

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY In order to characterize the energy expenditure of Paramecium, we simultaneously measured the oxygen consumption rate, using an optic fluorescence oxygen sensor, and the swimming speed, which was evaluated by the optical slice method. The standard metabolic rate (SMR, the rate of energy consumption exclusively for physiological activities other than locomotion)was estimated to be 1.18×10–6 J h–1cell–1 by extrapolating the oxygen consumption rate into one at zero swimming speed. It was about 30% of the total energy consumed by the cell swimming at a mean speed of 1 mm s–1, indicating that a large amount of the metabolic energy (about 70% of the total) is consumed for propulsive activity only. The mechanical power liberated to the environment by swimming Paramecium was calculated on the basis of Stokes' law. This power, termed Stokes power, was 2.2×10–9 J h–1 cell–1, indicating extremely low efficiency (0.078%) in the conversion of metabolic power to propulsion. Analysis of the cost of transport (COT, the energy expenditure for translocation per units of mass and distance) revealed that the efficiency of energy expenditure in swimming increases with speed rather than having an optimum value within a wide range of forced swimming, as is generally found in fish swimming. These characteristics of energy expenditure would be unique to microorganisms, including Paramecium, living in a viscous environment where large dissipation of the kinetic energy is inevitable due to the interaction with the surrounding water.

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“…Thirty-six of these experiments required addition of liquids to a cell culture; 16 experiments required sample removal, medium exchange, or filtration of the cell culture. Many of the experiments flown in Biorack used multiuser cassettes that fulfilled these general requirements, including the 'Cytos' cassette (8 experiments), the 'Blood' hardware (6 experiments), and 'Eggs' hardware (7 experiments) [Planel et al, 1981;Ubbels et al, 1990;Pippia et al, 1996]. Equally the GCAK cassette system could be easily adapted to many cell biology investigations feasible in Biorack.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of an adaptable cell culture kit for performing lymphocyte and monocyte cell cultures in microgravity

et al. 1998

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The results of experiments performed in recent years on board facilities such as the Space Shuttle/Spacelab have demonstrated that many cell systems, ranging from simple bacteria to mammalian cells, are sensitive to the microgravity environment, suggesting gravity affects fundamental cellular processes. However, performing well-controlled experiments aboard spacecraft offers unique challenges to the cell biologist. Although systems such as the European 'Biorack' provide generic experiment facilities including an incubator, on-board 1-g reference centrifuge, and contained area for manipulations, the experimenter must still establish a system for performing cell culture experiments that is compatible with the constraints of spaceflight. Two different cell culture kits developed by the French Space Agency, CNES, were recently used to perform a series of experiments during four flights of the 'Biorack' facility aboard the Space Shuttle. The first unit, Generic Cell Activation Kit 1 (GCAK-1), contains six separate culture units per cassette, each consisting of a culture chamber, activator chamber, filtration system (permitting separation of cells from supernatant in-flight), injection port, and supernatant collection chamber. The second unit (GCAK-2) also contains six separate culture units, including a culture, activator, and fixation chambers. Both hardware units permit relatively complex cell culture manipulations without extensive use of spacecraft resources (crew time, volume, mass, power), or the need for excessive safety measures. Possible operations include stimulation of cultures with activators, separation of cells from supernatant, fixation/lysis, manipulation of radiolabelled reagents, and medium exchange. Investigations performed aboard the Space Shuttle in six different experiments used Jurkat, purified T-cells or U937 cells, the results of which are reported separately. We report here the behaviour of Jurkat and U937 cells in the GCAK hardware in ground-based investigations simulating the conditions expected in the flight experiment. Several parameters including cell concentration, time between cell loading and activation, and storage temperature on cell survival were examined to characterise cell response and optimise the experiments to be flown aboard the Space Shuttle. Results indicate that the objectives of the experiments could be met with delays up to 5 days between cell loading into the hardware and initial in flight experiment activation, without the need for medium exchange. Experiment hardware of this kind, which is adaptable to a wide range of cell types and can be easily interfaced to different spacecraft facilities, offers the possibility for a wide range of experimenters successfully and easily to utilise future flight opportunities.

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Space flight effects on paramecium tetraurelia flown aboard Salyut 6 in the Cytos I and Cytos M experiments

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

Cell proliferation of Paramecium tetraurelia on a slow rotating clinostat

Cell proliferation of Paramecium tetraurelia on a slow rotating clinostat

Substantial energy expenditure for locomotion in ciliates verified by means of simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption rate and swimming speed

Use of an adaptable cell culture kit for performing lymphocyte and monocyte cell cultures in microgravity

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