“…Due to the subject-specificity of enjoyment and boredom, and of their relations with achievement (see Goetz et al, 2007Goetz et al, , 2010, we chose to focus on a single subject, mathematics. Mathematics education in school has been the focus of international concern to ensure adequate preparation for higher study in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects and ensuring a competent STEM workforce (e.g., English, 2016; Kärkkäinen & Vincent-Lancrin, 2013;Wai, Lubinski, Benbow, & Steiger, 2010). As less positive attitudes towards mathematics have generally been reported by female students (e.g., Barkatsas, Kasimatis, & Gialamas, 2009;Watt, 2006) gender was also included as a covariate.…”