Spatial Analysis of <i>Leptospira</i> in Rats, Water and Soil in Bantul District Yogyakarta Indonesia

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a potential threat to public health. An increasing number of people infected with Leptospira were reported in Bantul District, Yogyakarta special region with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 7.8%. Infected areas in the district have increased from 2 to 15 sub districts. Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira bacteria and spread by direct contact with infected rodents and indirect contact through contaminated water or soil. Leptospira in rats, water and soil were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The sites of sampled materials were geocoded using Global Positioning System (GPS). Spatial analysis was used to predict the spread of Spira. This study aims to perform the mapping, clustering, and predicting the spread of Leptospira in Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia. Data were collected from three sub-districts: Sedayu, Sewon and Bantul. The result showed that 38.04% from 368 samples were Spira positive. There were four significant clusters of infection spread source. Spira is predicted to spread in, and out from, Bantul District.

Genetic variation of Leptospira isolated from rats catched in Yogyakarta Indonesia

“…DNA samples obtained from kidney tissue of rats. Leptospira detection by using qPCR was showed positive in 25 samples [21]. However, only 6 samples were confirmed as pathogenic Leptospira by using standard PCR (Figure 1).…”

“…However, rats are the most prominent reservoir among others. Rats are the most potential vector and reservoir for Leptospira transmission to human being [21]. Furthermore, Barcellos et al reported that the distribution of leptospirosis in human were concentrated in areas where rats were highly populated, as well as areas with unfavorable trash management and poor sanitary conditions [23] .…”

“…Detection may be done by using a primer set, targeting the 16S rRNA gene [14][15][16][17][18] . It was also reported that Leptospira could be detected by using real time-PCR (qPCR), which was employed primer set and probe correspond to 16S rRNA gene [20,21].…”

Spatial Analysis of Leptospirosis Disease in Bantul Regency Yogyakarta

“…in general occurs through direct contact with infected animals such as the bites of animal like rodent and the open wounds which are exposed to urine or body fluids from infected animals. The disease can also be transmitted through direct contact with the water environment and soil contaminated with the Leptospira bacteria (Chua 2010;Sumanta, 2015). The diagnosis of leptospirosis is done through confirmation of laboratory results to determine the cause of the infection in the suspected source of infection and the reservoir containing leptospirosis bacteria (Chua, 2010).…”

“…Spatial analysis is an analysis of the territorial aims to determine the association of an event toward the aspects of space. Spatial analysis area can be used to determine the deployment, to cluster and to predict the occurrence of leptospirosis in the region, as well as to evaluate risk factors for leptospirosis disease which is associated with environmental and social aspects (Sumanta, 2015;Soares, 2010).…”