Spatial Analysis of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Insect Hosts in a Citrus Grove in a Semi-Arid Region in Israel

Spatial Statistical Analysis of Adult Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Counts: An Example Using Light Trap Data, in Redland Shire, Southeastern Queensland, Australia

“…MoranÕs I analyses were used to assess the degree of spatial autocorrelation, or interdependence, in the numbers of each mosquito species collected in traps separated by different distances (Cliff and Ord 1981). MoranÕs I analyses have been widely used in the study of insect patterns (Liebhold and Elkinton 1989, Midgarden et al 1993, Nestel and Klein 1995, Kitron et al 1996, Efron et al 2001, Papadopoulos et al 2003, and in this study we used MoranÕs I to determine whether adult mosquito numbers were randomly distributed, or whether there was signiÞcant clustering of traps with high or low numbers of mosquitoes. Separate analyses were conducted for each species and each sampling period.…”

Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Soil Environment: Distributions, Interactions and the Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Factors

“…Unfortunately, EPN surveys typically only assess occurrence, involve a relatively small number of samples, and provide little quantitative information on relative abundance or distribution at various scales of measurement or across different kinds of sites or habitats. More intensive studies that address these issues have found that populations tend to be extremely patchy, both spatially and temporally, and highly variable in diversity and distribution among sites and habitats (Cabanillas & Raulston, 1994;Campbell, Orza, Yoder, Lewis, & Gaugler, 1998;Campos-Herrera et al, 2007;Campos-Herrera, Pathak, El-Borai, Stuart, et al, 2013;Efron, Nestel, & Glazer, 2001;Garcia Del Pino & Palomo, 1996;Glazer, Kozodoi, Salame, & Nestel, 1996;Koppenhöfer & Kaya, 1996a;Lawrence, Hoy, & Grewal, 2006;Spiridonov, Moens, & Wilson, 2007;Strong, Kaya, Whipple, Child, Kraig, et al, 1996;Stuart & Gaugler, 1994;Taylor, 1999).…”

“…EPNs are likely to exhibit patchy distributions within and among sites for various reasons including variability in the distribution and abundance of suitable habitat and susceptible hosts, the large number of IJs that emerge from individual hosts (e.g., 30,000-400,000 IJs, (Stuart, Lewis, & Gaugler, 1996)), the limited dispersal capabilities of IJs, and variability in founding, establishment, and persistence ability under different circumstances (Efron et al, 2001;Kaya, 1990;Kaya & Gaugler, 1993;Preisser, Dugaw, Dennis, & Strong, 2006;Strong, 2002;Stuart & Gaugler, 1994). Local extinctions and reintroductions are probably important aspects of the distribution of these species, and populations could often be extremely transitory in space and time (Hominick & Briscoe, 1990a;Ram, Gruner, McLaughlin, Preisser, & Strong, 2008;.…”

Insect Cadaver Applications: Pros and Cons

“…Also, the high concentration of IJs defined in space and time (e.g., 90 cm from the point of application and 5th week post-application) suggests that they move en masse, which can result in a patchy dispersion ). Several researchers have described this patchy spatial and temporal distribution in many different EPNs species (Cabanillas & Raulston, 1994;Efron, Nestel, & Glazer, 2001;Glazer, Kozodoi, Salame, & Nestel, 1996;Stuart & Gaugler, 1994). Shapiro-Ilan, Lewis, and Schliekelman (2014), studying six EPN species (H. bacteriophora, H. indica, S. carpocapsae (Weiser), S. feltiae, Steinernema glaseri (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and S. riobrave applied in aqueous suspension via filter paper discs or in infected insect host cadavers observed that nematode dispersal resulted in an aggregated dispersion pattern rather than a random or uniform distribution.…”