Spatial and temporal distribution of trunk-injected imidacloprid in apple tree canopies

Aćimović, Srđan G.; VanWoerkom, Anthony H.; Reeb, Pablo; Vandervoort, Christine; Garavaglia, Thomas; Cregg, Bert M.; Wise, John C.

doi:10.1002/ps.3747

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…When we girdled the trees in 2009 and 2010, we removed the outer bark and phloem, but were careful to minimize injury to the xylem . Recent studies indicate systemic insecticides applied via trunk injection are transported to the canopy primarily in xylem . If girdling does not impede conduction within xylem tissue, it seems likely that trees could be girdled and injected on the same day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24,25 Recent studies indicate systemic insecticides applied via trunk injection are transported to the canopy primarily in xylem. 33,34,46 If girdling does not impede conduction within xylem tissue, it seems likely that trees could be girdled and injected on the same day. Future studies to assess translocation rates and potential effects of injection timing, local weather or site conditions on treatment efficacy would be helpful.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lethal trap trees: a potential option for emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) management

McCullough

Poland

Lewis

2015

Pest Management Science

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lethal trap trees: a potential option for emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) management

McCullough

Poland

Lewis

2015

Pest Management Science

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“…Whereas a foliar spray of most registered insecticides can be expected to provide only about 14 days of control [28], a single injection in our study showed activity on a range of apple pests 40 -90 days after application. This is likely a result of where trunk injection delivers compounds in the tree canopy [33]. Foliar sprays deposit insecticides as surface residues on the plant, thus exposing them to maximum UV degradation and environmental loss (precipitation, volatilization, etc.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trunk Injection: A Discriminating Delivering System for Horticulture Crop IPM

C¹

2014

Entomol Ornithol Herpetol

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Trunk injection technology represents an alternative delivery system to provide crop protection for horticultural crops of commercial and smallholder farmers in the developed and developing world. Field studies, laboratory bioassays, and residue profile analysis were used to determine the seasonal effectiveness of trunk injected insecticides against key apple insect pests. Insecticides formulated for trunk injection, imidacloprid, rynaxypyr, and emamectin benzoate were injected into semi dwarf Empire apple trees and evaluated for a wide range of insect pests. Imidacloprid controlled piercing and sucking pests, and emamectin benzoate controlled leaf rollers, Oriental fruit moth, and leafhoppers. The residue profiles for insecticides showed that vascular delivery was predominantly to foliage, with fruit residues far below the EPA maximum residue limits These results suggest that trunk injection is a promising delivering system for plant protection materials for control of foliar pests, while minimizing impacts on natural enemies, eliminating spray drift, and reducing the pesticide load in the agro-ecosystem. For smallholder farmers this low-capital investment technology has the potential to significantly reduce the human health risks associated with pesticide use, while protecting high value horticultural crops from pests.to their target, with only 29 to 56% of the applied spray solution being deposited on the tree canopy, and the remaining product drifting to ground or other off-target end points [4,[9][10][11] (Figure 1).Small holder farmers' use of hand-held sprayers is inefficient and often results in excessive worker exposure to the pesticides being applied. Thus the risks of pesticide exposure to the health of farmers and farm workers remain a critical concern in the developing world. Pesticides are estimated to be responsible for 4% of all deaths from all accidental poisonings, and health risks from pesticide exposure are magnified for poor farm workers [12]. Although smallholder men are

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“…Four cardinally oriented injection ports per tree, positioned approximately 10–15 cm above the ground level, were created by drilling 25.4 mm into the xylem tissue and 9.53 mm in diameter, with a cordless 1500 rpm drill (DeWalt Industrial Tool Co., Baltimore, MD, USA; Aćimović et al, 2014b ). Ports were sealed with Arborplug ® no.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It harnesses the vascular transport capacity of a tree, which allows active ingredient (a.i.) translocation and subsequent distribution into the canopy where protection is needed ( Percival and Boyle, 2005 ; Aćimović et al, 2014b ). The majority of tree injection technologies are based on compound delivery into the xylem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) on apple trees with trunk-injected plant resistance inducers and antibiotics and assessment of induction of pathogenesis-related protein genes

Aćimović¹,

Zeng

McGhee

et al. 2015

Front. Plant Sci.

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Management of fire blight is complicated by limitations on use of antibiotics in agriculture, antibiotic resistance development, and limited efficacy of alternative control agents. Even though successful in control, preventive antibiotic sprays also affect non-target bacteria, aiding the selection for resistance which could ultimately be transferred to the pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Trunk injection is a target-precise pesticide delivery method that utilizes tree xylem to distribute injected compounds. Trunk injection could decrease antibiotic usage in the open environment and increase the effectiveness of compounds in fire blight control. In field experiments, after 1–2 apple tree injections of either streptomycin, potassium phosphites (PH), or acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), significant reduction of blossom and shoot blight symptoms was observed compared to water injected control trees. Overall disease suppression with streptomycin was lower than typically observed following spray applications to flowers. Trunk injection of oxytetracycline resulted in excellent control of shoot blight severity, suggesting that injection is a superior delivery method for this antibiotic. Injection of both ASM and PH resulted in the significant induction of PR-1, PR-2, and PR-8 protein genes in apple leaves indicating induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) under field conditions. The time separating SAR induction and fire blight symptom suppression indicated that various defensive compounds within the SAR response were synthesized and accumulated in the canopy. ASM and PH suppressed fire blight even after cessation of induced gene expression. With the development of injectable formulations and optimization of doses and injection schedules, the injection of protective compounds could serve as an effective option for fire blight control.

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Spatial and temporal distribution of trunk-injected imidacloprid in apple tree canopies

Cited by 39 publications

References 64 publications

Lethal trap trees: a potential option for emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) management

Lethal trap trees: a potential option for emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) management

Trunk Injection: A Discriminating Delivering System for Horticulture Crop IPM

Control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) on apple trees with trunk-injected plant resistance inducers and antibiotics and assessment of induction of pathogenesis-related protein genes

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