Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of human Echinococcosis in Baghdad-Iraq using GIS

Abstract

Hydatid disease (HD) or cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a complex and neglected disease caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus that causes health and economic loss. The data of disease were obtained from the Center of Communicable Diseases/ Baghdad/Iraq, for the period 2013 to 2016. Global information system (GIS) was used to create the study area and cases distribution. Total recorded number of CE cases was 61 cases distributed among different genders, age groups, and sectors in Baghdad province. The results showed that the distribution of hydatid cyst infections according to year was higher in the year 2013 (36.1%) than in other years (2014, 2015, and 2016) respectively. Percent of female infection with CE was (57%), more susceptible than male (43%). It was observed that the Sadder City (31.1%) was at greater risk of hydatid cyst infections than other sectors of Baghdad. Also, the study was found that the most susceptible age group to this disease was the age between (15–45y (73.8%)) than other age groups. This study concluded a decrease in infection by cystic echinococcosis (CE) over the previous years. This indicated the increased public awareness of the disease's transmission. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of the disease in different locations in Baghdad city.

The Impact of Organic Fertilizers and Stimulants on Vegetative Growth of Pomegranate Seedling Leaves (cv. Salimi)

“…Nitrogen is an essential element in building the amino acid Tryptophan, the main initiator in building Auxines, which work on cell division and elongation and building new tissues, which leads to increased vegetative growth such as leaf area, the height of the seedling, and the diameter of the seedling. As for potassium, it is a stimulant for the formation of chlorophyll and the carrying out of many vital processes such as photosynthesis, the representation of carbohydrates, and the regulation of the mechanism of opening and closing stomata, which leads to an increase in the activity of vegetative growth [18], and this is consistent with [19,20,21] IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1262/4/042044 7…”

Image Compression using Polynomial Coding Techniques: A review

“…Marwa [31] (2018): proposed lossy color system compression of mixture between linear polynomial coding and inter-prediction of color bands of RGB base that used the source (reference) band along the seed values to predicted the other non-source bands, where the residual quantized uniformly. The system was tested on three color standards: natural and medical square images (Lena, Girl, and MRI Tummy) of size 256x256 pixels, with block sizes of 4x4, the quantization step of residual images between 5 to 70, the compression ratio on average about 12, with peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR)values of 38 dB or more.…”