The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) accurately reflects the drought phenomenon, closely matches the real situation, and proves to be a reliable drought monitoring tool. This paper employs geodetector methodology to explore the drivers of spatial heterogeneity in the SPI, calculated using 1-km resolution Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) data, within the Yellow River Basin from 2001 to 2019. Besides precipitation, which emerges as the predominant driver influencing the SPI, the individual explanatory power of all other factors is notably weak, each contributing less than 20%. However, it is observed that the combined influence of multiple factors on SPI12 generally surpasses that of any single factor. Notably, the interaction between altitude and precipitation exhibits the most substantial effect. These findings hold significant implications for the efficient management of water resources and the preservation of the ecological environment within the Yellow River basin.