“…The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is one of the most severely polluted areas in China ( Wang et al., 2014 ; Wang, Li, Qiao & Lu, 2019 ; Yan et al., 2018 ). Air pollution has become a major threat to human health ( Halim, Latif & Mohamed, 2020 ; Zou et al., 2019 ) and an important problem for facilitating sustainable development ( Mao, Wang & Jiao, 2021 ). Concurrent with the considerable economic development of the past few decades, Beijing and its surroundings have suffered severe air pollution, causing substantial loss ( Gao et al., 2015 ; Guo et al., 2010 ; Xin, Shao & Wang, 2021 ; Yin, Pizzol & Xu, 2017 ; Zou et al., 2019 ).…”