Spatial distribution of the sibling species of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (Diptera: Culicidae) and malaria prevalence in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Ebenezer, Amawulu; Noutcha, Aline Edith Mekeu; Agi, P I; Okiwelu, S. N.; Commander, Thomas

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-32

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In this study, analysis showed that age group between 35 -44 years had the highest prevalence rate (84.4 %) within the groups, followed by age group 45-54 years with prevalence of 82.5 % (Table 2). This is in concordance with [29] in a similar study, carried out in Bayelsa State, but in contrast to the works of [30] in Ilorin showing the highest prevalence rate in age group 15-20 years. In this study, the prevalence rate amongst the age groups of 55-64 years had a noticeable difference rate of 28 (63.6 %) as shown in Table 2.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Analysis of Knowledge Management Practice Studies among the Plasmodium falciparum Positive Patients Attending out Patient Departments in Awka, South Anambra State

Obasi

Azorji

Onyenwe

et al. 2019

IJTDH

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Aim: To analyze the Knowledge Management Practice Studies among the Plasmodium falciparum positive patients attending outpatient departments in AWKA, South Anambra state. Study Design: Blood samples were randomly collected from 210 febrile patients attending the OPD and interviewed on malaria knowledge and management practice, using semi-structured questionnaire from three different clinical laboratories, two of which are hospitals. Place and duration of Study: This study was carried out in Medical Microbiology and Parasitology unit of Anambra State University teaching Hospital, Awka South, South-East Nigeria between February and August, 2013. Methodology: Thick & thin blood smears were stained and examined under microscope. At least 100 oil immersion fields were examined for diagnosis and parasite count was done against 200 WBC from thick smear. The questionnaire was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS (P < 0.05). Results: The national drug policy for malaria treatment during the study period were found to be pyrimethamine, co-trimoxazole, sulphamethaxazole, and in few cases arthemether/lumefantrine. The prevalence rate of P. falciparum was 74.8% (157/210), while those on both sexes were 56.1 % and 43.9 % in females and males respectively. Only 44.3%, 32.4%, 30.5% of the population studied showed good knowledge, attitude and practice respectively towards malaria infections. Conclusion: The prevalence of P. falciparum were 22.3% and 21.1% in ages 5- 14 and 45- 54 respectively. Studies revealed that most people have good knowledge of malaria but give less attention to its preventive and control measures, thereby presenting very poor attitude and poor practice even when exposed to the infection. These issues may pose a problem, such as drug resistance when proper intervention measures are not followed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Analysis of Knowledge Management Practice Studies among the Plasmodium falciparum Positive Patients Attending out Patient Departments in Awka, South Anambra State

Obasi

Azorji

Onyenwe

et al. 2019

IJTDH

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“…Further, climaterelated atmospheric conditions, predominantly rainfall as well as temperature, have been considered as the dependent of habitations, hence vector distribution and abundance between high and low elevation regions. Distribution of vectors and parasites has well been facilitated by the movement and migration of people from high land to low land [49]. Furthermore, density and distribution of vector in all regions have largely been influenced by topography.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species Composition, Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Levels in Major Malaria Vectors in Teso North and Teso South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya

Githinji

Irungu

Ndegwa

et al. 2020

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Introduction. Knockdown resistance (kdr) is strongly linked to pyrethroid insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae in Africa, which may have vital significance to the current increased use of pyrethroid-treated bed net programmes. The study is aimed at determining species composition, levels of insecticide resistance, and knockdown patterns in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in areas with and areas without insecticide resistance in Teso North and Teso South subcounties, Western Kenya. Materials and Methods. For WHO vulnerability tests, mosquito larvae were sampled using a dipper, reared into 3-5-day-old female mosquitoes (4944 at 100 mosquitoes per insecticide) which were exposed to 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% deltamethrin, and 0.1% bendiocarb using the WHO tube assay method. Species identification and kdr East gene PCRs were also performed on randomly selected mosquitoes from the collections; including adult mosquitoes (3448) sampled using standard collection methods. Results. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto were the majority in terms of species composition at 78.9%. Bendiocarb caused 100% mortality while deltamethrin had higher insecticidal effects (77%) on female mosquitoes than permethrin (71%). Susceptible Kengatunyi cluster had higher proportion of An. arabiensis (20.9%) than resistant Rwatama (10.7%). Kengatunyi mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin had the highest KDT50 R of 8.2. Both Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles arabiensis had equal S allelic frequency of 0.84. Indoor resting mosquitoes had 100% mortality rate after 24 h since exposure. Overall SS genotypic frequency in Teso North and Teso South subcounties was 79.4% against 13.7% homozygous LL genotype and 6.9% heterozygous LS genotype. There was a significant difference (ρ<0.05) in S allele frequencies between Kengatunyi (0.61) and Rwatama (0.95). Mosquito samples collected in 2013 had the highest S allelic frequency of 0.87. Discussion. Most likely, the higher the selection pressure exerted indoors by insecticidal nets, the higher were the resistance alleles. Use of pyrethroid impregnated nets and agrochemicals may have caused female mosquitoes to select for pyrethroid resistance. Different modes of action and chemical properties in different types of pyrethroids aggravated by a variety of edaphic and climatic factors may have caused different levels of susceptibility in both indoor and outdoor vectors to pyrethroids and carbamate. Species composition and populations in each collection method may have been influenced by insecticide resistance capacity in different species. Conclusions and Recommendations. Both phenotypic and genotypic insecticide resistance levels have been confirmed in Teso North and Teso South subcounties in Western Kenya. Insecticide resistance management practices in Kenya should be fast tracked and harmonized with agricultural sector agrochemical-based activities and legislation, and possibly switch to carbamate use in order to ease selection pressure on pyrethroids which are useable in insecticidal nets and indoor residual spray due to their low human toxicity. The implication of such high resistance levels in mosquitoes collected in Teso subcounties is that resistance is likely to persist and or even increase if monomolecules of permethrin and deltamethrin or both continue to be used in all net- and nonnet-based mosquito control purposes. Usage of mutually reinforcing piperonyl butoxide (PBO) that prohibits particular enzymes vital in metabolic activities inside mosquito systems and has been integrated into pyrethroid-LLINs to create pyrethroid-PBO nets is an extremely viable option.

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“…A challenge in studying malaria risk in Nigeria is the heterogeneity of the prevalence, which is attributed to high variability in climate conditions as well as the landscape [2,16]. Few published studies in Nigeria have linked malaria prevalence to several influencing factors, including climate and environmental conditions [2,10,11,13,15,[17][18][19][20], socioeconomic factors [15,[21][22][23], geographical factors [10,[13][14][15]18,24], and control strategies as well as prevalence of other febrile illnesses [22,[25][26][27]. Additionally, several authors in other malaria endemic countries have investigated the correlation between malaria and important meteorological variables as observed in Venezuela [6][7][8][9], in Zimbabwe [28], in Zambia [29,30], in Côte D'Ivoire [31], in Ghana [32], in Burundi [33], in Ethiopia [34,35] and many more.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Effects of Climate and Environmental Factors on Under-5 Children Malaria Spatial Distribution Using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs)

Ugwu¹,

Zewotir²

2020

JEGH

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Although malaria burden has declined globally following scale up of intervention, the disease has remained a leading cause of hospitalization and deaths among children aged under-5 years in Nigeria. Malaria is known to be related to climate and environmental conditions. Previous research has usually studied the effects of these factors, neglecting possible correlation between them, high correlation among variables is a source of multicollinearity that induces overfitting in regression modelling. In this paper, a factor analysis was first introduced to circumvent the issue of multicollinearity and a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was subsequently explored to identify the important risk factors that might influence the prevalence of childhood malaria in Nigeria. The GAM incorporated the complexity of the survey data, while simultaneously modelling the nonlinear and spatial random effects to allow a more precise identification of the major malaria risk factors that influence the geographical distribution of the disease. From our findings, the three latent factor components (constituted by humidity, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and wet days/maximum and minimum temperature/proximity to permanent waters, respectively) were significantly associated with malaria prevalence. Our analysis also detected statistically significant and nonlinear effect of altitude: the risk of malaria increased with lower values but declined sharply with higher values. A significant spatial variability in under-5 malaria prevalence across the survey clusters was also observed; malaria burden was higher in the northern part of Nigeria. Investigating the impact of important risk factors and geographical location on childhood malaria is of high relevance for the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2015-2030 Agenda on malaria eradication, and we believe that the information obtained from this study and the generated risk maps can be useful to effectively target intervention efforts to high-risk areas based on climate and environmental context.

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Spatial distribution of the sibling species of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (Diptera: Culicidae) and malaria prevalence in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Analysis of Knowledge Management Practice Studies among the Plasmodium falciparum Positive Patients Attending out Patient Departments in Awka, South Anambra State

Analysis of Knowledge Management Practice Studies among the Plasmodium falciparum Positive Patients Attending out Patient Departments in Awka, South Anambra State

Species Composition, Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Levels in Major Malaria Vectors in Teso North and Teso South Subcounties in Busia County, Western Kenya

Evaluating the Effects of Climate and Environmental Factors on Under-5 Children Malaria Spatial Distribution Using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs)

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