Spatial patterns of reflex evoked by pressure stimulation of the foot pads in cats.

Hongo, Tetsuro; Kudo, Norio; Oguni, Eiichi; Yoshida, Koh

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp017923

Cited by 40 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Although this finding is compatible with previously published data with regard to excitatory receptive field foci of cutaneous reflexes to mm. interossei in the cat (Engberg 1964; Hongo et al . 1990), it is noteworthy that in the latter study specific inhibitory receptive fields to muscles acting on different digits were found.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensorimotor transformation in cat nociceptive withdrawal reflex system

Levinsson

Garwicz

Schouenborg

1999

Eur J of Neuroscience

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The withdrawal reflex system of higher vertebrates has been extensively used as a model for spinal sensorimotor integration, nociceptive processing and plasticity. In the rat, the nociceptive withdrawal reflex system appears to have a modular organization. Each reflex module controls a single muscle or a few synergistic muscles, and its cutaneous receptive field corresponds to the skin area withdrawn upon contraction of the effector muscle(s) when the limb is in the standing position. This organization principle is at odds with the 'flexion reflex' concept postulated from cat studies. To assess the generality of the modular organization principle we have therefore re-examined the cutaneous input to the withdrawal reflex system of the cat. The cutaneous receptive fields of hindlimb and forelimb muscles were mapped using calibrated noxious pinch stimulation and electromyographic recording technique in barbiturate anaesthetized animals. The investigated muscles had specific cutaneous receptive fields that appeared to correspond to the area of the skin withdrawn upon contraction of the muscle when the limb is in the standing position. The spatial organization of receptive fields in the cat was similar to that in the rat. However, differences in gain properties of reflexes to some anatomically equivalent muscles in the two species were observed, possibly reflecting adaptations to the biomechanics characteristic of the digitigrade and plantigrade stance in cats and rats, respectively. Implications of the findings for the generality of the modular organization of the withdrawal reflex system and for its adaptive properties are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensorimotor transformation in cat nociceptive withdrawal reflex system

Levinsson

Garwicz

Schouenborg

1999

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…Cutaneous reflexes from the human hand which move individual digits (e.g. Caccia, McComas, Upton & Blogg, 1973;Jenner & Stephens, 1982;Aniss, Gandevia & Milne, 1988), and somatotopically organized cutaneous reflexes exist for the cat paw (Hongo, Kudo, Oguni & Yoshida, 1990). The complex architecture of cutaneous reflexes can presumably favour either more selective movements of individual digits or co-operative movements such as movement of the thumb and index finger (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited independent flexion of the thumb and fingers in human subjects.

Kilbreath

Gandevia

1994

The Journal of Physiology

245

220

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1. We investigated whether human subjects can activate selectively flexor pollicis longus (FPL) and digital portions of flexor digitorum profundus (FDP). These muscles were selected because they are the only flexors of the distal phalanges. 2. Electromyographic activity (EMG) was recorded with intramuscular electrodes from one digital component of the deep flexors (‘test’) while subjects lifted weights by flexing the distal interphalangeal joint of the other digits in turn (‘lifting’ digits). Only recording sites at which single motor units were recruited selectively at low forces were used. The weights lifted represented 2.5‐50% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). We measured the lowest weight lifted which produced phasic and tonic coactivation in the ‘test’ muscle. 3. The extent of coactivation varied with the ‘distance’ between the test and lifting digits although no significant difference occurred in the pattern of coactivation thresholds among the digital flexors. The extent of coactivation increased when angular displacement or velocity at the distal interphalangeal joint of the lifting digit increased but was not critically dependent on restraint of the hand. 4. Because mechanical ‘connections’ could interfere with the ability to move a distal phalanx independently, the arms of nine cadavers were studied. The separation of tendons between the thumb (FPL) and the index portion of FDP, and between the index and middle portions of FDP, usually extended more proximally in the forearm than separation between the tendons to the middle and ring fingers and between the ring and little fingers. Direct intertendinous links were also noted. 5. It is not possible to direct a sufficiently focal motor command to flex selectively the distal joint of the fingers and thumb when forces exceeding 2.5% MVC are generated. For the middle, ring and little fingers in particular, movement of adjacent digits may also involve ‘in‐series’ mechanical links between adjacent components of FDP.

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“…Our view is that the stumbling corrective reactions evoked during the swing and stance phases are cutaneous reflexes. Because they can be fully activated by only a limited set of afferents, we think that they are examples of a "private" reflex pathway originally described for reflexes around the foot (Engberg 1964;Hongo et al 1990) or of "local sign" (Hagbarth 1952) and not flexion reflexes (see McCrea 1992). The details of the responses evoked during stumbling correction will, however, depend on the complement of afferents activated.…”

Section: Shaping and Modulating Sp Reflexes During Fictive Locomotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intracellular Analysis of Reflex Pathways Underlying the Stumbling Corrective Reaction During Fictive Locomotion in the Cat

Quevedo

Stecina²,

McCrea³

2005

Journal of Neurophysiology

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. Intracellular analysis of reflex pathways underlying the stumbling correction reaction during fictive locomotion in the cat. J Neurophysiol 94: 2053-2062. First published May 25, 2005 doi:10.1152/jn.00176.2005. In cat and humans, contact between an obstacle and the dorsum of the foot evokes the stumbling corrective reaction (reflex) that lifts the foot to avoid falling. This reflex can also be evoked by short trains of stimuli to the cutaneous superficial peroneal (SP) nerve in decerebrate cats during the flexion phase of fictive locomotion. Here we examine intracellular events in hindlimb motoneurons accompanying stumbling correction. SP stimulation delivered during the flexion phase excites knee flexor motoneurons at short latency [minimum excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) latency 1.8 ms; mean 2.7 ms]. Although a similar short latency excitation occurs in ankle extensors (mean latency, 2.8 ms), recruitment is delayed until successive shocks in the stimulus train overcome the locomotor-related hyperpolarization of ankle extensors. In ankle flexor motoneurons, SP stimulation evokes an inhibition (mean latency, 2.7 ms) that briefly reduces or stops their firing during the flexion phase. There is a phase-dependent modulation of SP-evoked EPSP amplitude as well as latency during locomotion. However, the more obvious change in SP reflex pathways with the onset of fictive locomotion is the reduced inhibition of ankle extensor motoneurons and the increased inhibition of ankle flexors. These results show that the characteristic pattern of hindlimb motoneuron activation during SP nerve-evoked stumbling correction results from 1) di-and trisynaptic excitation of knee flexor and ankle extensor motoneurons; 2) increased inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in ankle flexors and a suppression of inhibition in extensors, 3) sculpting of the short-latency SP postsynaptic effects by motoneuron membrane potential, and 4) longer latency excitatory effects that are likely evoked by lumbar interneurons involved in the generation of fictive locomotion.

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Spatial patterns of reflex evoked by pressure stimulation of the foot pads in cats.

Cited by 40 publications

References 24 publications

Sensorimotor transformation in cat nociceptive withdrawal reflex system

Sensorimotor transformation in cat nociceptive withdrawal reflex system

Limited independent flexion of the thumb and fingers in human subjects.

Intracellular Analysis of Reflex Pathways Underlying the Stumbling Corrective Reaction During Fictive Locomotion in the Cat

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