Spatial productivity along a canal irrigation system in Pakistan

Latif, Muhammad

doi:10.1002/ird.320

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…However, the survey showed that (at least some of) the farmers in the tail end reaches still had the opportunity to gain high profits -sometimes even higher than those in the head end reaches -by shifting to high-value cash crops, mainly luffah and grapes. Such findings contrast with numerous studies (e.g., El-Shinnawi et al 1980;Skold et al 1984;Perry and Narayanamurthy 1998;Brugere and Lingard 2003;Latif 2007;Sharma et al 2008;Molle et al 2010;Venot et al 2010) that showed a decrease in high-value crops, cultivated areas and incomes as one moves downstream.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…On the other hand, social and economic sciences have addressed the equity issues of top-down projects and policies (e.g., El-Shinnawi et al 1980;Skold et al 1984;Wichelns 1998;Wichelns 2000;Wichelns 2002;Hussain et al 2003). For example, ElShinnawi et al (1980), Skold et al (1984), Bhattarai et al (2002), Brugere and Lingard (2003), Latif (2007), and Aruna Shantha and Ali (2013) identified an income gap between the upper and lower reaches of the canal, which is due to the large share of water used by farmers at the head end of the canal to the detriment of those at the tail end. The differences in water availability, inequity in water distribution, and the impacts of inadequate irrigation on yields and farmers' income have been well documented in Egypt and in many other arid and semiarid regions (e.g., El-Shinnawi et al 1980;Skold et al 1984;Brugere and Lingard 2003;Tyagi et al 2005;Bekchanov et al 2010;El-Agha et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity: a case study from the western Nile Delta, Egypt

Ghazouani¹,

Molle²,

Swelam³

et al. 2014

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The publications in this series cover a wide range of subjects-from computer modeling to experience with water user associations-and vary in content from directly applicable research to more basic studies, on which applied work ultimately depends. Some research reports are narrowly focused, analytical and detailed empirical studies; others are wide-ranging and synthetic overviews of generic problems.Although most of the reports are published by IWMI staff and their collaborators, we welcome contributions from others. Each report is reviewed internally by IWMI staff, and by external reviewers. The reports are published and distributed both in hard copy and electronically (www.iwmi.org) and where possible all data and analyses will be available as separate downloadable files. Reports may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgment. About IWMIIWMI's mission is to provide evidence-based solutions to sustainably manage water and land resources for food security, people's livelihoods and the environment. IWMI works in partnership with governments, civil society and the private sector to develop scalable agricultural water management solutions that have a tangible impact on poverty reduction, food security and ecosystem health. Copyright © 2014, by IWMI. All rights reserved. IWMI encourages the use of its material provided that the organization is acknowledged and kept informed in all such instances.Front cover photograph shows individual pumps in action, with the rule that only one should be operating at the same time (photo: Wafa Ghazouani). AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to sincerely thank all the farmers in the al-Bayda Canal command area for providing information and responding to questions.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity: a case study from the western Nile Delta, Egypt

Ghazouani¹,

Molle²,

Swelam³

et al. 2014

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“…Past experience shows that this package, although broadly beneficial to societies, has not yet fully succeeded in banishing poverty (Hussain, 2007). The extensive review suggests that there are strong linkages between irrigation and poverty (Hussain and Hanjra, 2004;Latif, 2007). Multicriteria decision making models are developed for irrigation planning and irrigation scenarios are used to show the impact of different irrigation management (Max et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of irrigation projects and their impacts on poverty reduction and its empowerment in arid environment

Irajpoor

Latif

2011

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Biophysical and socioeconomic conditions of pre and post dam construction were assessed in one of the arid regions of Iran commanded by Minab dam. The methodology used in this study was drawn from the international organizations especially the World Commission on Dams and the United Nations for selection of the indicators for sustainable development relating to water resources projects. Commissioning of the dam in 1986 led to progressive expansion of the irrigated agriculture, which was almost doubled in year 2006. Results of the study revealed that there is significant positive impact of the irrigation infrastructures of the dam; for example literacy rate has increased from 41 % (pre project) to 74 % in 2006. Similarly, significant improvements were observed in health care, sanitation, education and other scopes. Nevertheless, for some of the targets only 50-60 % progress were made, whereas no significant achievements had been made in the others. Therefore, development did not match with the planned goals of the project. Deficiency in achieving the primary objectives, especially after many years of project completion, may be attributed to the management and implementation of the project. For effective project performance, a new institutional framework and guide lines are proposed in this article.

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“…But poor performance, inefficiency and inequality of the irrigation system may not be effective in overcoming poverty, as happened in Pakistan [6]. Thus income o the farmers and their poverty can be directly related to the performance of irrigation systems, as is demonstrated in recent studies by Latif [7], Hussain et al [8], Bhattarai et al [9]. The main objective of this article is to demonstrate that quality of groundwater, soil salinity, cost of pumping groundwater and income of the farmers vary along the irrigation canals in Pakistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater quality and its variation along irrigation canals in Pakistan

Latif¹

2011

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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The Indus Basin of Pakistan is thickly populated and supports a rapidly growing population of 170 million. More than 90 percent of food production in the country is contributed by the irrigated agriculture which is presently facing many challenges and hardships such as salinity, extreme scarcity of canal water, groundwater mining and degradation of its quality. Water and soil samples were collected in a canal command area to assess and analyze the quality of pumped groundwater and soil salinity respectively. Data of crop yield and income of the farmers was also collected. The results show that electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater increases from upper to lower reaches along all the irrigation channels i.e. the main, secondary and tertiary canals. The groundwater was found suitable only in about one-half of the command area. In rest of the area groundwater is either marginally fit for irrigation or it is hazardous (unfit). Similarly the soil salinity also increased from upper to lower reaches along the irrigation canals. The soil salinity almost follows the pattern of groundwater salinity. The crop yield and net income of the water users decreased along all the irrigation channels (i.e. the main, secondary and tertiary canals) but decrease in net income was much more than decrease in crop yield. Due to less canal water supply along the lower reaches of the irrigation channels, the downstream water users pump more groundwater to meet their irrigation needs. The deteriorating groundwater quality along the lower reaches of the irrigation channels further adds misery to the downstream farmers by degrading productivity of their lands caused by excessive use of saline groundwater. Location of the water users along the canal irrigation system had significant impact on their crop yield as well as income and these parameters decreased from head of the irrigation channels towards their lower reaches. For example, the net income of the tail-end farmers was only 43% to 59% of the head-end farmers. The lower income of the tail-end farmers has many adverse impacts on socio-economic conditions of these farmers. To improve the condition of the downstream farmers, some measures are suggested in this paper.

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Spatial productivity along a canal irrigation system in Pakistan

Cited by 32 publications

References 8 publications

Understanding farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity: a case study from the western Nile Delta, Egypt

Understanding farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity: a case study from the western Nile Delta, Egypt

Performance of irrigation projects and their impacts on poverty reduction and its empowerment in arid environment

Groundwater quality and its variation along irrigation canals in Pakistan

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