This study was undertaken to investigate the impact of location on productivity of the farmers along an irrigation network in Pakistan. Data were collected from 54 tertiary canals situated along six secondary canals: two each at the head, middle and tail end of the main canal. Results revealed that location of the farms has a significant impact on farmers' productivity on different reaches along all the irrigation channels, i.e. the main canal, the secondary and the tertiary canals. The productivity of the tail-reach farmers varies from one-third to one-half of their head-reach counterparts. The overall finding of this study is that location of the water users along the canal irrigation system has a significant impact on their income as well as productivity, and these parameters decrease with increase in distance from the head of the irrigation canals. The reduced canal water supply at the lower reaches of the irrigation system forced these water users to pump more groundwater, resulting in a many times increase in their irrigation costs. Additionally, groundwater quality deteriorates all along the irrigation channels (i.e. along the main canal, the secondary and tertiary canals), compounding the misery of the downstream farmers by degrading productivity of their lands because of increased soil salinity. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RÉ SUMÉCette étude a été entreprise pour étudier l'impact de la localisation sur la productivité des irrigants dans un réseau d'irrigation au Pakistan. Des données ont été rassemblées sur 54 canaux tertiaires dérivés de six canaux secondaires: 2 en tête, 2 au milieu et 2 en queue du canal principal. Les résultats ont montré que la localisation des exploitations influence significativement la productivité des irrigants quel que soit le canal considéré : canal principal, canaux secondaires et canaux tertiaires. La productivité des irrigants situés sur un tronçon « de queue » varie entre un tiers et la moitié de celle de leurs homologues du tronçon de tête. La conclusion globale de cette étude est que la localisation des usagers de l'eau dans un système d'irrigation par canaux a un impact significatif sur leur revenu aussi bien que sur leur productivité, ces paramètres diminuant quand augmente leur éloignement de la tête des canaux d'irrigation. La moindre disponibilité de l'eau pour les tronçons éloignés a forcé les usagers à pomper davantage d'eau souterraine avec pour résultat la forte augmentation de leurs coûts d'irrigation. En outre, la qualité des eaux souterraines se dégrade également le long des canaux d'irrigation (canal principal, canaux secondaires et canaux tertiaires), augmentant ainsi les difficultés des irrigants de queue de réseau par la détérioration de la productivité de leurs terres du fait d'une salinité accrue du sol.
The government of NWFP, Pakistan, established an autonomous body, the Frontier Irrigation and Drainage Authority (FIDA), in 1997 to effectively cope with the emerging challenges in irrigation management. Six distributaries were recently transferred to farmers' organizations under the irrigation management transfer (IMT) for their operation and management. Results of the study revealed that the irrigation supplies are adequate to meet the crop water requirements. The relative water supply (RWS) index varies from 1.66 to 2.02 during summer, whereas in winter it varies from 2.22 to 2.55. The delivery performance ratio (DPR) during summer varies from 0.78 to 0.83 and in winter from 0.73 to 0.63. Irrigation supplies were reliable during both summer and winter seasons. Due to improved irrigation supply, annual irrigation intensity has increased by 25%. There is a prominent increase in yield of maize (40%), sugarcane (55%) and wheat (43%). The irrigation service fee collected was approximately 60% of the fee assessed. Hydraulic committees at each distributary should be established to operate the distributary according to crop demand. Awareness of the farmers should be created regarding the farm irrigation application methods to avoid over-irrigation and wastage of water.
This three-year study was undertaken to investigate the groundwater and soil salinity variation in a canal-irrigated area. Water and soil samples were collected along 54 tertiary canals located on six secondary canals (two each at head, middle and tail end) of a main canal. Data of crop yield and income of the farmers were also collected. The results show that electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater increased from head to lower reaches along all the irrigation channels, i.e. main, the secondary and the tertiary canals. Similarly, the soil water EC e also increased with increased distance from the head of the irrigation system. Reduced canal water supply at lower reaches of the irrigation system forced the downstream water users to pump more groundwater, thereby increasing their irrigation cost. The deteriorating groundwater quality further adds misery to the downstream farmers by degrading productivity of their lands caused by excessive use of saline groundwater. Location of the water users along the canal irrigation system had an impact on their crop yield as well as income and these parameters decreased with increased distance from the head of the irrigation channels. For example, the net income of the tail-end farmers varied from 43% to 59% of the head-end farmers. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RÉ SUMÉ Cette étude de trois ans a été entreprise pour étudier la variation de la salinité des eaux souterraines et de l'eau dans le sol dans un périmètre irrigué par des canaux. Des échantillons d'eau et de sol ont été prélevés le long de 54 canaux tertiaires situés sur six canaux secondaires (2 en tête, au milieu et en extrémité) d'un canal principal. Des données sur le rendement et le revenu des fermiers ont été également rassemblées. Les résultats montrent que la conductivité électrique des eaux souterraines a augmenté de l'amont vers l'aval le long de tous les canaux, principal, secondaires et tertiaires. De même la conductivité électrique de l'eau dans le sol a augmenté avec la distance à la tête du système d'irrigation. Une alimentation en eau réduite en extrémité de canaux oblige les utilisateurs aval à pomper plus d'eaux souterraines augmentant de ce fait leur coût d'irrigation. La mauvaise qualité des eaux souterraines augmente la misère des fermiers aval en dégradant la productivité de leurs terres par suite d'une utilisation excessive des eaux souterraines salines. La localisation des utilisateurs le long du système d'irrigation a eu un impact sur leur rendement et sur leur revenu; ces paramètres ont diminué avec la distance à la tête du système d'irrigation. Par exemple, le revenu net des fermiers de l'extrémité aval a diminué de 43% à 59% par rapport à celui des fermiers de l'amont.
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