Spatial social polarization and birth outcomes: preterm birth and infant mortality – New York City, 2010–14

Abstract

These results provide preliminary evidence for the use of the ICE measure in examining structural barriers to healthy birth outcomes.

Exposures to structural racism and racial discrimination among pregnant and early post‐partum Black women living in Oakland, California

“…A growing body of literature has examined the relationship between structural racism and adverse birth outcomes (Ahern, Pickett, Selvin, & Abrams, 2003;Chambers, Baer, McLemore, & Jelliffe-Pawlowski, 2018;Chambers, Erausquin, Tanner, Nichols, & Brown-Jeffy, 2017;Farley et al, 2006;Huynh et al, 2017;Huynh, Parker, Harper, Pamuk, & Schoendorf, 2005;Kaufman, Dole, Savitz, & Herring, 2003;Krieger et al, 2017;Mendez, Hogan, & Culhane, 2011;Messer, Kaufman, Dole, Savitz, & Laraia, 2006;O'Campo et al, 2008;Woodward, 1995). Structural racism is defined as a systematic approach used to influence laws and process to unequally allocate access to goods, opportunities, and services in society by racial group (Bailey et al, 2017;Gee & Ford, 2011;Jones, 2001;Massey & Denton, 1988;Mehra, Boyd, & Ickovics, 2017;Ncube, Enquobahrie, Albert, Herrick, & Burke, 2016;White & Borrell, 2011).…”

Understanding how the concentration of neighborhood advantage and disadvantage affects spina bifida risk among births to non‐Hispanic white and Hispanic women, Texas, 1999–2014

“…ICE measures have been used across a number of health outcomes, such as analyses examining stress, breast cancer, infant and diabetes mortality, airborne pollutants, hypertension, violence, and preterm births (Feldman et al, ; Finch et al, ; Huynh et al, ; Krieger et al, ; Krieger et al, ; Krieger, Feldman, Kim, & Waterman, ; Krieger, Singh, & Waterman, ; Krieger, Waterman, Gryparis, & Coull, ). The previous investigations into how concentrated neighborhood disadvantage affects health utilized the ICE in relation to economic measures, such as household income, and found that individuals have increasing gradations of poor health outcomes when such factors have been examined using the ICE (Krieger, Singh, & Waterman, ).…”

GeoSES: A socioeconomic index for health and social research in Brazil

“…Finally, residential segregation is a broad concept that refers to housing separated from different population groups in different parts of a city [18]. Segregation affects health by intensifying psychosocial effects involving insecurity, anxiety, social isolation, socially dangerous environments, bullying, and depression [14,19,20]. In our analysis, we considered two aspects of segregation: education and income, including levels of income stratified by ethnic groups, which better describe socioeconomic differences in Brazil.…”