Spatial tailoring of the refractive index in infrared glass-ceramic films enabled by direct laser writing

Mingareev, Ilya; Kang, Myungkoo; Truman, Mia; Qin, Jun; Yin, Gufan; Hu, Juejun; Schwarz, Casey M.; Murray, Ian B.; Richardson, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106058

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Recently, optical nanocomposites based upon multicomponent GAP-Se glasses have been shown to yield high-refractive index Pb-containing nanocrystalline phases in an amorphous matrix, which can remain stable at elevated temperatures or under photo/electronically excited states. 14,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] The effective refractive index, n eff , of the resulting glass ceramic nanocomposite increases monotonically with an increase in the volume fraction of the high-refractive index crystalline phase(s), thereby enabling creation of a homogeneous effective refractive index change in the starting glass. The glass ceramic composite's effective index can be approximated by knowledge of the refractive index of the residual amorphous and induced crystal phase(s) formed as well as their respective volume fractions, as calculated by E Q -T A R G E T ; t e m p : i n t r a l i n k -; s e c 2 .…”

Section: Grin Via Spatially Controlled Nucleation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent efforts have demonstrated the ability to engineer the index and dispersion behavior in bulk and thin film forms 62 of GAP-Se materials with precision, including the ability to not only use laser-induced nucleation and/or heat-induced post growth to spatially control the localized crystal phase formation, 14,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] but also the ability to locally induce vitrification (or reamorphization) of previously formed glass ceramics, to create a decrease in refractive index by converting previously formed nanocrystals back toward the initial, glassy state. 54,55 Such flexibility in both compositional design and processing routes will enable a wide variety of materials, which can be tailored to fit applications across the IR.…”

Section: Grin Via Spatially Controlled Nucleation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…44 However, the metastable films are energetically unstable; therefore, they are sensitive to external stimulation such as laser exposure and thermal treatment. 44,47,48,50 This phenomenon can be utilized to create a GRIN profile within GAP-Se films high-Pb content [as represented by the red dot in Fig. 6(a)] where laser beam going through a grayscale mask induces spatially varying microstructural modification [ Fig.…”

Section: Grin Via Spatially Controlled Nucleation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in infrared gradient refractive index (GRIN) materials: a review

et al. 2020

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Optical materials capable of advanced functionality in the infrared will enable optical designs that can offer lightweight or small footprint solutions in both planar and bulk optical systems. The University of Central Florida's Glass Processing and Characterization Laboratory, together with our collaborators, have been evaluating compositional design and processing protocols for both bulk and film strategies employing multicomponent chalcogenide glasses (ChGs). These materials can be processed with broad compositional flexibility that allows tailoring of their transmission window, physical and optical properties, which allows them to be engineered for compatibility with other homogeneous amorphous or crystalline optical components. We review progress in forming ChG-based gradient refractive index (GRIN) materials from diverse processing methodologies, including solution-derived ChG layers, poled ChGs with gradient compositional and surface reactivity behavior, nanocomposite bulk ChGs and glass ceramics, and metalens structures realized through multiphoton lithography. We discussed current design and metrology tools that lend critical information to material design efforts to realize next-generation IR GRIN media for bulk or film applications.

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Section: Grin Via Spatially Controlled Nucleation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Grin Via Spatially Controlled Nucleation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Grin Via Spatially Controlled Nucleation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in infrared gradient refractive index (GRIN) materials: a review

et al. 2020

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“…Through control of their volume fraction within the glassy matrix upon heat treatment or laser exposure, spatial gradients can be formed while maintaining the component's IR transparency. [17][18][19][20][21] The glass-ceramic nanocomposite's effective refractive index can be approximated by the summation of refractive index × volume fraction product for induced Pb-rich nanocrystals and the residual amorphous matrix. The formulation indicates that spatial variation in the volume fraction of high refractive index nanocrystals can lead to…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, chalcogenide glass and glass-ceramic nanocomposites have been characterized in our prior efforts exclusively using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to reveal their microstructure. [17][18][19][20][21] Since cross-sectional TEM specimens are thin slabs of thickness less than 50 nm to be electron-transparent, the technique provides a specimen's microstructure from a 2D projection perspective. Thus, TEM has an intrinsic limitation in identifying how coexisting phases in a nanocomposite medium such as the Ge-As-Pb-Se system are distributed in a 3D space, as illustrated in Figure 1a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling True 3D Nanoscale Microstructural Evolution in Chalcogenide Nanocomposites: A Roadmap for Advanced Infrared Functionality

Kang

Martin

Sharma

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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The design of multiphase optical nanocomposites necessitates the understanding of coexisting phases’ morphology and chemistry which have deterministic impacts on light–matter interaction. A prominent example is gradient refractive index (GRIN) materials proposed to realize an arbitrarily shaped, single optical component with minimal chromatic aberration. Ge‐As‐Pb‐Se materials are promising for GRIN due to their ability to exhibit spatially varying volume fraction of high‐index Pb‐rich phases in low index matrices. These materials are characterized to date, exclusively using transmission electron microscopy to reveal their phase separation and induced crystalline phase(s). It is found in the study that the intrinsic 2D perspective of the technique has hindered the identification of true morphology. To clarify this ambiguity, atom probe tomography (APT) is utilized to gain the first‐ever observation of the nanocomposites’ microstructure and its evolution upon heat treatment in a 3D space. The APT‐quantified geometry and chemistry of coexisting phases are considered to predict the effective media's optical behaviors which closely match experimental data, enabling the establishment of the material's predictive and accurate process–structure–property relationship. Findings in the study demonstrate the robustness and advantage of the APT‐assisted characterization in the design and realization of GRIN materials.

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Digital and Gradient Refractive Index Planar Optics by Nanoimprinting Mesoporous Silicon

Hardison

Talukdar

Kravchenko

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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We report the realization of digital and gradient index flat‐optics and planar waveguides using the ‘nanoimprinting refractive index’ (NIRI) technique applied to mesoporous silicon. This technique combines the distinct optical and mechanical metamaterial qualities of mesoporous silicon, including its widely tunable effective refractive index and ability to undergo plastic deformation with a near zero Poisson ratio. Nanoimprinting with premastered and reusable stamps containing analog or digital features enables the continuous or discontinuous patterning of refractive index with high contrast Δn ≥ 0.8 and subwavelength resolution. Using NIRI we experimentally demonstrate a wavefront shaping flat microlens array operating in the visible (405–635 nm) and mesoporous silicon and silica waveguides operating near 1310 nm. This study demonstrates the viability of patterning arbitrary refractive index distributions, n(x,y), on the surface of a chip while circumventing the challenges and limitations of top‐down lithographic techniques – thus opening a low‐cost and scalable approach for the realization of advanced planar optical technologies.

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Spatial tailoring of the refractive index in infrared glass-ceramic films enabled by direct laser writing

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

Advances in infrared gradient refractive index (GRIN) materials: a review

Advances in infrared gradient refractive index (GRIN) materials: a review

Unveiling True 3D Nanoscale Microstructural Evolution in Chalcogenide Nanocomposites: A Roadmap for Advanced Infrared Functionality

Digital and Gradient Refractive Index Planar Optics by Nanoimprinting Mesoporous Silicon

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