Spatial transformation-enabled electromagnetic devices: from radio frequencies to optical wavelengths

Jiang, Zhi Hao; Turpin, Jeremiah P.; Morgan, Kennith; Lu, Bingqian; Werner, Douglas H.

doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0363

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…Sometimes, as suggested by Mittra & Zhou [15], the application requirements are such that the spatial transformation approach may not be optimal or even necessary to achieve the required performance. However, it is also clear, as demonstrated by Jiang et al, Ginis & Tassin and Kadic et al, that the spatial transformation paradigm enables the design of devices with functionalities that could not have been achieved previously [12,14,16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The question of realization of spatial transformation designs appears elsewhere in this issue, particularly in the papers by Jiang et al [14] and Mittra & Zhou [15]. The choice of transformation affects the required material properties and trade-offs can be made against various performance figures, such as conformal, quasi-conformal and linear transformations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basic approach of spatial transformations has been described, together with numerous advanced techniques, such as complex coordinate transformations [14], and advanced applications, such as manipulation of optical forces [16]. One of the key advantages of spatial transformations is that it provides an elegant framework for solving inverse problems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first article in this issue, by Jiang et al [14], serves as an introduction to spatial transformations as they apply to electromagnetics, from radio frequencies to optics. Beginning by reviewing the mathematical basis for this transformation electromagnetics or transformation optics, they then apply it to a concrete example of a three-dimensional far-field focusing lens.…”

Section: Papers In This Themed Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Spatial transformations: from fundamentals to applications

Foster

Grant

Hao

et al. 2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Papers In This Themed Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Spatial transformations: from fundamentals to applications

Foster

Grant

Hao

et al. 2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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“…The requirements on material properties can be challenging [20,21], but the use of (quasi) conformal TrE can simplify the required materials, albeit with some sacrifice in performance usually a consequence (e.g., [22][23][24]). One area that has garnered much attention is the use of TrE to change the shape of a (quasi) optical device (lens or reflector), whilst maintaining the electromagnetic performance by changing the spatial variation of the permittivity (and permeability, in some cases); one example of the power of TrE in this regard is the Luneburg lens [25].…”

Section: Background and Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beam-Steering Performance of Flat Luneburg Lens at 60 GHz for Future Wireless Communications

Foster

Nagarkoti

Gao

et al. 2017

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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The beam-steering capabilities of a simplified flat Luneburg lens are reported at 60 GHz. The design of the lens is first described, using transformation electromagnetics, before discussion of the fabrication of the lens using casting of ceramic composites. The simulated beam-steering performance is shown, demonstrating that the lens, with only six layers and a highest permittivity of 12, achieves scan angles of ±30 ∘ with gains of at least 18 dBi over a bandwidth from 57 to 66 GHz. To verify the simulations and further demonstrate the broadband nature of the lens, raw high definition video was transmitted over a wireless link at scan angles up to 36 ∘ . Background and MotivationsThe quest for ubiquitous wireless connectivity with everincreasing data rates has been a feature of the last half century. With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) adding huge numbers of devices requiring bandwidth to an alreadychallenging push for even greater data rates to be supported on personal wireless terminals, considerable research effort is being invested into future wireless networks. High-data rate applications include the streaming of ultrahigh definition video and virtual and augmented reality (e.g., [1,2]); the use of 60 GHz for these applications is now relatively wellestablished, with IEEE standards (e.g., 802.15.3c, 802.11ad[3]) well-suited for this aspect of 5G services and networks.Other aspects of 5G development are concerned with serving greater numbers of end-terminals and reducing latency, with some applications in the IoT relevant to this (even when data rate requirements are not severe).A large number of technologies are being brought together to achieve the various aims for the next generation of wireless networks [4]. This includes the use of small cells (where the density of base stations is increased), cooperative communications (where interference is reduced via communication between nodes, to improve achievable data rates and reliability), carrier aggregation (where bandwidth from disparate channels is combined to meet requirements), and heterogeneous networks (where multiple networks operating at different frequencies and with different modulations, etc., are used). One key technology is massive multi-input-multioutput (M-MIMO) systems, where the number of antennas is increased by at least an order of magnitude (e.g., [5][6][7]).One key approach to realise the objectives of future wireless networks is to utilise previously unused parts of the electromagnetic spectrum at higher frequency bands, particularly the millimetre-wave (mm-wave) and terahertz (THz) bands. Currently, wireless networks predominantly use the spectrum between 0.1 and 10 GHz, as these have offered key benefits of long propagation ranges, ease of fabrication, and ease of power generation and signal modulation, amongst others. Conversely, the higher bands must overcome increased propagation losses, smaller feature sizes that increase fabrication challenges, and other problems; the demand for bandwidth is such that these challenges...

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Metamaterial Lenses and Their Applications at Microwave Frequencies

Tang

Chen

Cui

2021

Advanced Photonics Research

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Metamaterials (MTMs) are artificial structures characterized by flexible and designable electromagnetic (EM) properties, including permittivity, permeability, and refractive index. Because of their subwavelength-scale composing units, MTMs are able to manipulate the propagation of EM waves at extremely fine resolutions and offer solutions for new-concept devices and components with novel functionalities and challenge-breaking properties. From among the attractive applications of MTMs, this review article focuses on MTM lenses (also termed metalenses) developed in recent years for the purpose of microwave engineering, including beam forming, beam steering, and imaging. Bulk lenses made of 3D MTMs and planar lenses made of 2D transmission-type metasurfaces are both involved and investigated. Different categories of metalenses, together with the theory, principles, methods, and advantages of their designs, are introduced and discussed. Potential and future applications of metalenses at microwave frequencies are also presented.

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Spatial transformation-enabled electromagnetic devices: from radio frequencies to optical wavelengths

Abstract: One contribution of 14 to a Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Spatial transformations: from fundamentals to applications' .

Cited by 6 publications

References 109 publications

Spatial transformations: from fundamentals to applications

Spatial transformations: from fundamentals to applications

Beam-Steering Performance of Flat Luneburg Lens at 60 GHz for Future Wireless Communications

Metamaterial Lenses and Their Applications at Microwave Frequencies

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