Spatial variation in pollinator‐mediated selection on phenology, floral display and spur length in the orchid<i>Gymnadenia conopsea</i>

Chapurlat, Elodie; Ågren, Jon; Sletvold, Nina

doi:10.1111/nph.13555

Cited by 70 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…A variety of morphological traits, including the flower number, corolla size, and plant height, are related to the floral display (Chapurlat et al., 2015; Sletvold et al., 2010). We found significantly positive selection gradients for the corolla width and flower number of P. tibetica as well as marginally significant selection pressure on the stalk height (Table 3 and Figure 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of Gymnadenia conopsea by Chapurlat et al. (2015) indicated that pollinators mostly exert significantly positive selection on the traits involved in the floral display (flower number, plant height, and corolla size), but the selection gradient varied among populations. In that study, there was a population in which the pollinators exerted negative selection on the corolla size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various flower traits are demonstrated to be selected for by pollen limitation, including flower size (Sletvold et al., 2010), flower number (Parachnowitsch & Kessler, 2010), flower color (Sletvold, Trunschke, Smit, Verbeek, & Ågren, 2016), inflorescence height (Ågren, Hellström, Toräng, & Ehrlén, 2013), spur length (Chapurlat et al., 2015; Sletvold & Ågren, 2010), and flower tube length (Alexandersson & Johnson, 2001). Severe pollen limitation selects for traits that increase the floral display (Ashman & Morgan, 2004) but also selects for traits that promote autonomous self‐fertilization (Morgan & Wilson, 2005; Porcher & Lande, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐ and intra‐morph incompatibility and selection analysis of an inconspicuous distylous herb growing on the Tibetan plateau (Primula tibetica)

Jiao

Liu

2017

Ecology and Evolution

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There is discussion over whether pollen limitation exerts selection on floral traits to increase floral display or selects for traits that promote autonomous self‐fertilization. Some studies have indicated that pollen limitation does not mediate selection on traits associated with either pollinator attraction or self‐fertilization. Primula tibetica is an inconspicuous cross‐fertilized plant that may suffer from pollen limitation. We conducted a selection analysis on P. tibetica to investigate whether pollen limitation results in selection for an increased floral display in case the evolution of autonomous self‐fertilization has been difficult for this plant. The self‐ and intra‐morph incompatibility features, the capacity for autonomous self‐fertilization, and the magnitude of pollen limitation were examined through hand‐pollination experiments. In 2016, we applied selection analysis on the flowering time, corolla width, stalk height, flower tube length, and flower number in P. tibetica by tagging 76 open‐pollinated plants and 37 hand‐pollinated plants in the field. Our results demonstrated that P. tibetica was strictly self‐ and intra‐morph incompatible. Moreover, the study population underwent severe pollen limitation during the 2016 flowering season. The selection gradients were found to be significantly positive for flowering time, flower number, and corolla width, and marginally significant for the stalk height. Pollinator‐mediated selection was found to be significant on the flower number and corolla width, and marginally significant on stalk height. Our results indicate that the increased floral display may be a vital strategy for small distylous species that have faced difficulty in evolving autonomous self‐fertilization.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐ and intra‐morph incompatibility and selection analysis of an inconspicuous distylous herb growing on the Tibetan plateau (Primula tibetica)

Jiao

Liu

2017

Ecology and Evolution

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“…, Chapurlat et al. ). In the present experiment, the opportunity for selection is expected to increase with the severity of PL, but because the experiment was conducted in a single population, the relationship between trait expression and absolute fitness is expected to remain largely the same.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental reduction in interaction intensity strongly affects biotic selection

Sletvold

Ågren

2016

Ecology

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The link between biotic interaction intensity and strength of selection is of fundamental interest for understanding biotically driven diversification and predicting the consequences of environmental change. The strength of selection resulting from biotic interactions is determined by the strength of the interaction and by the covariance between fitness and the trait under selection. When the relationship between trait and absolute fitness is constant, selection strength should be a direct function of mean population interaction intensity. To test this prediction, we excluded pollinators for intervals of different length to induce five levels of pollination intensity within a single plant population. Pollen limitation (PL) increased from 0 to 0.77 across treatments, accompanied by a fivefold increase in the opportunity for selection. Trait-fitness covariance declined with PL for number of flowers, but varied little for other traits. Pollinator-mediated selection on plant height, corolla size, and spur length increased by 91%, 34%, and 330%, respectively, in the most severely pollen-limited treatment compared to open-pollinated plants. The results indicate that realized biotic selection can be predicted from mean population interaction intensity when variation in trait-fitness covariance is limited, and that declines in pollination intensity will strongly increase selection on traits involved in the interaction.

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“…This is so because not only pollinators, but also herbivores, pathogens and abiotic factors impose selection on flowers121617. In addition, only a few studies have targeted pollinator-mediated selection in different populations to analyse divergent selection10181920. Studies that document established floral trait differences among plant populations (ecotypes) or species face similar problems in identifying the primary cause for the evolution of such variation, because floral diversification is often linked to shifts in more than one ecological factor, for example in both habitat-type and pollinators212223.…”

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confidence: 99%

Real-time divergent evolution in plants driven by pollinators

2017

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Pollinator-driven diversification is thought to be a major source of floral variation in plants. Our knowledge of this process is, however, limited to indirect assessments of evolutionary changes. Here, we employ experimental evolution with fast cycling Brassica rapa plants to demonstrate adaptive evolution driven by different pollinators. Our study shows pollinator-driven divergent selection as well as divergent evolution in plant traits. Plants pollinated by bumblebees evolved taller size and more fragrant flowers with increased ultraviolet reflection. Bumblebees preferred bumblebee-pollinated plants over hoverfly-pollinated plants at the end of the experiment, showing that plants had adapted to the bumblebees' preferences. Plants with hoverfly pollination became shorter, had reduced emission of some floral volatiles, but increased fitness through augmented autonomous self-pollination. Our study demonstrates that changes in pollinator communities can have rapid consequences on the evolution of plant traits and mating system.

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Spatial variation in pollinator‐mediated selection on phenology, floral display and spur length in the orchidGymnadenia conopsea

Cited by 70 publications

References 73 publications

Self‐ and intra‐morph incompatibility and selection analysis of an inconspicuous distylous herb growing on the Tibetan plateau (Primula tibetica)

Self‐ and intra‐morph incompatibility and selection analysis of an inconspicuous distylous herb growing on the Tibetan plateau (Primula tibetica)

Experimental reduction in interaction intensity strongly affects biotic selection

Real-time divergent evolution in plants driven by pollinators

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