Spatially resolved chemical reaction monitoring using magnetic resonance imaging

Feindel, Kirk W.

doi:10.1002/mrc.4179

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…3,[19][20][21] The 2d CSI(y) shown in Fig.S5 comprises of two bands separated along y located at δ 2 , along the CS dimension, while a low intensity band spans them along y at a CS of δ 1 , strongly hinting at, the two bands (at δ 2 ) being associated with ac faces.…”

Section: Csimentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing electromagnetic fields in metals by MRI

Chandrashekar¹,

Shellikeri

Chandrashekar

et al. 2017

AIP Advances

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Based upon Maxwell’s equations, it has long been established that oscillating electromagnetic (EM) fields incident upon a metal surface, decay exponentially inside the conductor, leading to a virtual absence of EM fields at sufficient depths. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizes radiofrequency (r.f.) EM fields to produce images. Here we present a visualization of a virtual EM vacuum inside a bulk metal strip by MRI, amongst several findings. At its simplest, an MRI image is an intensity map of density variations across voxels (pixels) of identical size (=Δx Δy Δz). By contrast in bulk metal MRI, we uncover that despite uniform density, intensity variations arise from differing effective elemental volumes (voxels) from different parts of the bulk metal. Further, we furnish chemical shift imaging (CSI) results that discriminate different faces (surfaces) of a metal block according to their distinct nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts, which holds much promise for monitoring surface chemical reactions noninvasively. Bulk metals are ubiquitous, and MRI is a premier noninvasive diagnostic tool. Combining the two, the emerging field of bulk metal MRI can be expected to grow in importance. The findings here may impact further development of bulk metal MRI and CSI.

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Section: Csimentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing electromagnetic fields in metals by MRI

Chandrashekar¹,

Shellikeri

Chandrashekar

et al. 2017

AIP Advances

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“…Another optical technique, intraoral cross-polarization swept-source OCT (CP-OCT), provided an additional tool to visualize the in vivo density of the biofilm formed between the enamel and the interface (389). Spatially resolved MRI was used to study structures within dynamic physical and chemical material systems, and also in biological systems, with a limited number of biofilm applications (390). In an analogous fashion, micropositron electron tomography coupled with the radioactive probe [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose was used to monitor S. aureus biofilm infections and antimicrobial therapy in a mouse model (391).…”

Section: In Vivo Imaging Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Options and Limitations in Clinical Investigation of Bacterial Biofilms

et al. 2018

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Bacteria can form single- and multispecies biofilms exhibiting diverse features based upon the microbial composition of their community and microenvironment. The study of bacterial biofilm development has received great interest in the past 20 years and is motivated by the elegant complexity characteristic of these multicellular communities and their role in infectious diseases. Biofilms can thrive on virtually any surface and can be beneficial or detrimental based upon the community's interplay and the surface. Advances in the understanding of structural and functional variations and the roles that biofilms play in disease and host-pathogen interactions have been addressed through comprehensive literature searches. In this review article, a synopsis of the methodological landscape of biofilm analysis is provided, including an evaluation of the current trends in methodological research. We deem this worthwhile because a keyword-oriented bibliographical search reveals that less than 5% of the biofilm literature is devoted to methodology. In this report, we (i) summarize current methodologies for biofilm characterization, monitoring, and quantification; (ii) discuss advances in the discovery of effective imaging and sensing tools and modalities; (iii) provide an overview of tailored animal models that assess features of biofilm infections; and (iv) make recommendations defining the most appropriate methodological tools for clinical settings.

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“…12,[34][35][36] The 2d CSI(y) shown in Fig.S4 comprises of two bands separated along y located at δ 2 , along the CS dimension, while a low intensity band spans them along y at a CS of δ 1 , strongly hinting at, the two bands (at δ 2 ) being associated with ac faces. This observation called for adding an additional imaging dimension along z, leading to 3d CSI(yz), which is realized in Fig.5, where y and z are the imaging dimensions, accompanied by the CS dimension.…”

Section: Csimentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing Electromagnetic Vacuum by MRI

Chandrashekar¹,

Shellikeri²,

Chandrashekar³

et al. 2016

Preprint

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Based upon Maxwell's equations, it has long been established that oscillating electromagnetic (EM) fields incident upon a metal surface decay exponentially inside the conductor, 1-3 leading to a virtual EM vacuum at sufficient depths. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizes radiofrequency (r.f.) EM fields to produce images. Here we present the first visualization of a virtual EM vacuum inside a bulk metal strip by MRI, amongst several novel findings.We uncover unexpected MRI intensity patterns arising from two orthogonal pairs of faces of a metal strip, and derive formulae for their intensity ratios, revealing differing effective elemental volumes (voxels) underneath these faces.Further, we furnish chemical shift imaging (CSI) results that discriminate different faces (surfaces) of a metal block according to their distinct nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts, which holds much promise for monitoring surface chemical reactions noninvasively.Bulk metals are ubiquitous, and MRI is a premier noninvasive diagnostic tool. Combining the two, the emerging field of bulk metal MRI can be expected to grow in importance. The fundamental nature of results presented here may impact bulk metal MRI and CSI across many fields.

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Spatially resolved chemical reaction monitoring using magnetic resonance imaging

Cited by 10 publications

References 52 publications

Visualizing electromagnetic fields in metals by MRI

Visualizing electromagnetic fields in metals by MRI

Options and Limitations in Clinical Investigation of Bacterial Biofilms

Visualizing Electromagnetic Vacuum by MRI

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