Spawning of herring: day or night, today or tomorrow?

Skaret, Georg; Nøttestad, Leif; Fernö, Anders; Johannessen, Ane; Axelsen, Bjørn Erik

doi:10.1016/s0990-7440(03)00006-8

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In particular, piscivorous fish such as saithe (Pollachius virens) (Skaret et al 2003;Runde 2005) are important predators on the adults. The eggs are also preyed heavily in particular by haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) (Toresen 1991), but also by cod, saithe (Høines and Bergstad 1999), and lemon sole (Microstomus kitt) (Høines and Bergstad 2002).…”

Section: Spawning Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatial approach to understanding herring population dynamics

Huse

2016

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Johan Hjort's so-called second recruitment hypothesis addressed the fate of offspring that drift out of areas suitable for their survival. This hypothesis has forged the concept of a population as a closed life cycle, making countercurrent adult spawning migration a necessary mechanism in balancing larval drift. The Norwegian spring-spawning (NSS) herring stock (Clupea harengus), the object of much of Hjort's work, is spread over large areas in the Northeast Atlantic, with spawning along the Norwegian coast, nursery areas in the Barents Sea, feeding areas in the Norwegian Sea, and overwintering areas outside northern Norway. Understanding the spatial dynamics of highly migratory fish stocks such as the NSS herring, therefore, is critical to understanding their population dynamics. Here I review hypotheses on the spatial dynamics of fish focusing on NSS herring and discuss consequences for population dynamics and interactions with other ecosystem components. The results illustrate the key role that strong herring cohorts play both as predators in the Barents and Norwegian seas and as prey on the overwintering and spawning grounds along the Norwegian coast. It is advocated that spatial full life cycle models should be developed for key fish stocks as a meeting place for model assumptions and observations and as a test bed for a multiple hypothesis testing approach.Résumé : La thèse communément appelée « deuxième hypothèse de recrutement » de Johan Hjort abordait le destin de la progéniture qui dérive vers l'extérieur de zones convenables pour sa survie. Cette hypothèse est à la base du concept de la population comme cycle vital fermé, qui rend nécessaire la migration à contre-courant d'adultes en frai pour compenser la dérive des larves. Le stock de harengs (Clupea harengus) norvégiens frayant au printemps (NSS), l'objet d'une bonne partie des travaux de Hjort, couvre de vastes superficies dans le nord-est de l'Atlantique, dont des aires de frai le long des côtes norvégiennes, des aires d'alevinage dans la mer de Barents, des aires d'alimentation dans la mer de Norvège et des aires d'hivernage au large de la Norvège septentrionale. La compréhension de la dynamique spatiale de stocks de poissons hautement migrateurs comme les harengs NSS est donc d'importance clé pour la compréhension de la dynamique de leurs populations. J'examine les hypothèses touchant à la dynamique spatiale des poissons en mettant l'accent sur le hareng NSS et je discute des conséquences pour la dynamique des populations et les interactions avec d'autres composantes de l'écosystème. Les résultats illustrent le rôle clé que de fortes cohortes de harengs jouent aussi bien comme prédateurs, dans les mers de Barents et de Norvège, que comme proies, dans les aires d'hivernage et de frai le long des côtes norvégiennes. Il est recommandé que des modèles spatiaux de l'ensemble du cycle biologique soient élaborés pour des stocks de poissons clés, comme lieu de rencontre pour les hypothèses de modélisation et les observations et comme banc d'e...

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Section: Spawning Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatial approach to understanding herring population dynamics

Huse

2016

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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“…In shallow waters, however, as found in our study area, spawning herring may stay in touch with the bottom at all hours and without dispersing closer to the surface during darkness (Slotte 1998). Also, small schools may split from the large aggregation for spawning and migrate to their spawning grounds (Johannessen et al 1995, Skaret et al 2003.…”

Section: Motivation For Habitat Transitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual habitat transitions of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus in a human-modified coastal system

Eggers

Olsen²,

Moland³

et al. 2015

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Pelagic marine fish often display highly dynamic migration patterns. However, such movement behaviour is usually studied at the population or school level, while less is known about individual movement characteristics and habitat transitions. During March 2012 to June 2013, we used acoustic tags and moored receivers to monitor the behaviour of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus L. (N = 47) throughout a range of habitats on the Skagerrak coast in southern Norway. Five of the tagged herring entered a former lake transformed into an artificial estuary by a humanmade canal linking the former lake to the open ocean. Herring resided in this system for up to 36 d. All tagged herring left the fjord where they were tagged by early August 2012. This habitat transition was detected by the receivers as 3 main pulses of tagged individuals, which were assumed to be formed by putative populations mixing in the area. Most transitions occurred during nighttime regardless of tidal cycle, and it is suggested that spawning is the primary driver for entering the fjord and artificial estuary. Later detections at a separate receiver system 17 km to the northeast suggest that some herring may overwinter in coastal areas. In the spring of 2013, 3 of the tagged herring returned to their original fjord tagging location. Our study reveals new aspects of herring migration dynamics linked to anthropogenic modifications of connectivity, and suggests that capacity for individual behaviours in schooling fish may be underestimated. KEY WORDS: Schooling fish · Acoustic telemetry · Movement behaviour · Migration · SkagerrakResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…The herring arrive to the northern edge of Georges Bank where they develop their gonads for spawning and at some time later, something triggers them to migrate up to spawn in the shallow areas on Georges Bank. Because the herring spawn on the shallows of Georges Bank and are not feeding (NEFSC unpublished data; e.g., Skaret et al 2003), their spatial arrangement should be related mostly in proximity to Georges Bank and that as more herring arrive to spawn, herring abundance, and possibly density, should increase as the herring get closer to their spawning grounds. For these data, aggregations closest to the 90-m bathymetric contour had highest as well as the largest school sizes, which support the idea that the herring are more abundant and aggregating more densely closer to their spawning grounds.…”

Section: S V S Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the herring spawn in depths of 20-50 m, it is interesting that they "queue" to spawn in deeper water. For these Georges Bank herring, their vertical distribution may be squeezed from the bottom (sensu Skaret et al 2003) and the top by predators such as cod, tuna, sharks, and marine mammals, forcing them into a depth layer that is consistent over the years, but not optimal for reaching their spawning grounds.…”

Section: S V S Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper "school" refers to an "acoustically unresolved, multiple fish aggregation" (Kieser et al 1993) and includes schools and shoals (sensu Pitcher and Parrish 1993), patches (sensu Nero and Magnuson 1989), and aggregations. Atlantic herring are a schooling species (Skaret et al 2003;Vabø and Skaret 2008), therefore characterization of their aggregative patterns and spatial distribution over the decade of surveys may be indicative of whether there have been changes (e.g., Óskarsson and Taggart 2009) in their underlying behavior and may shed light on their spawning stock dynamics (e.g., Overholtz 2002;Woillez et al 2007;). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aggregative patterns of pre-spawning Atlantic herring on Georges Bank from 1999-2010

Jech

Stroman

2012

Aquat. Living Resour.

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-Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in the offshore regions of the Gulf of Maine migrate each fall from their feeding grounds to the northern portion of Georges Bank to spawn. The Northeast Fisheries Science Center's (NEFSC) herring acoustic survey has taken advantage of this behavior by conducting systematic surveys of the prespawning fish each year since 1999. Multi-frequency acoustic and midwater trawl data were collected along transects oriented perpendicular to bathymetric contours. Acoustic backscatter was analyzed to describe the aggregative patterns (e.g., size, location in the water column, and spatial and temporal distribution) of Atlantic herring during these surveys and regression trees were used to examine the aggregation characteristics. The positional variables of distance to spawning grounds and vertical location in the water column were the primary characteristics for describing prespawning aggregations. Secondary to these were the temporal variables of diel and survey timing, and the morphological characteristic of aggregation area. Lower numbers of aggregations were observed close to the herring spawning grounds but with higher acoustic energy than larger numbers of aggregations observed further from the spawning grounds but smaller in size and lower in acoustic energy. Most aggregations were in the lower portion of the water column, but those that were in the upper portion of the water column had higher acoustic energy. Consistently throughout the decade, 90% or more of herring aggregations were located within 40 nautical miles of their spawning grounds. The regression tree method provided valuable insight to the data series where it highlighted spatial and temporal patterns and was an effective way to quantitatively summarize relationships.

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Spawning of herring: day or night, today or tomorrow?

Cited by 23 publications

References 38 publications

A spatial approach to understanding herring population dynamics

A spatial approach to understanding herring population dynamics

Individual habitat transitions of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus in a human-modified coastal system

Aggregative patterns of pre-spawning Atlantic herring on Georges Bank from 1999-2010

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