Speaking of Yangzhou

Finnane, Antonia

doi:10.2307/j.ctt1tfjcdf

Cited by 62 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Antonia Finnane perceptively remarks that the wealthy merchants of Yangzhou had their portraits made in their gardens, showing them pursuing elegant pastimes rather than doing business in their counting houses. 76 As we have seen, orthodox representatives of the state and the scholar class wished to limit the influence of this group and hence invoked the ideal of an agrarian society. However, after the Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion, with the enlarged export and import markets, business opportunities broadly increased, commercialization intensified, and buying official titles and examination degrees became a frequent practice among merchants.…”

Section: Concept and Realitymentioning

confidence: 97%

9. The Artisan’s Place: The ‘Four Occupational Groups’ and the Social Position of Craftspeople

2018

State and Crafts in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

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In imperial and pre-imperial periods, Chinese governments made practical provisions to allocate and supervise skilled labour in the service of the state. A particular perspective of social hierarchy came with this system which expressly included artisans. The concept of the 'four occupational groups' originates from the intention of rulers and administrators to divide and settle the population according to occupations and to monitor their numbers and activities. Together with the assessment that scholars and farmers were 'fundamental' but artisans and merchants were 'secondary' or derived groups, this notion confirmed the dominance of agriculture and Confucian learning and administration. Origins and Early Applications of the Concept Chinese philosophy has brought forth several concepts of hierarchy in human society. The first textual evidence for the basic Confucian view can be traced back to the philosopher Mencius (fl. fourth century B.C.), who considered the most fundamental relationships in human life to be those between father and son, ruler and minister, husband and wife, elder and younger brother, and between friends. These pairs, which set up a hierarchy of age, descent, and gender, were captured in the formula of the 'five human relationships', which was sometimes also reduced to the first three matching pairs. They were shaped into the principal outlook on humanity by Confucian commentators in the first century B.C. This is still-at least partly-culturally relevant to East Asian societies. A further concept that also goes back to Mencius is the distinction between rulers and administrators, who work mentally, and the ruled, who labour physically. It is the quintessence of an explanation for the necessity of the division of labour: Great men have their proper business, and little men have their proper business. Moreover, in the case of any single individual, whatever articles he can require are ready to his hand, being produced by the various

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Section: Concept and Realitymentioning

confidence: 97%

9. The Artisan’s Place: The ‘Four Occupational Groups’ and the Social Position of Craftspeople

2018

State and Crafts in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

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“…Zhou Jiazhou was born near a bustling commercial hub along the Lower Yangzi River, Yangzhou. 36 Not far away from Yangzhou was Nanjing, where he sojourned for a long time. 37 As the southern capital of the Ming Empire, Nanjing hosted a well-reputed publication industry, through which many encyclopaedias and compendia were printed for commercial purposes.…”

Section: Southern Aroma: Cloves In Chinese Smell Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

Junks to Mare Clausum: China-Maluku Connections in the Spice Wars, 1607–1622

Xu¹

2020

Itinerario

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Much more globally entangled than many global historians used to think, the so-called Spice Wars were not only a story of European expansion and Southeast Asian interaction, but had an inextricable northern link leading all the way to China. From the capture of a Chinese junk serving the Spaniards in Ternate by Cornelis Matelief in 1607, to the completion of the first manuscript of the incense compendium (Xiangsheng) by Zhou Jiazhou in Jiangnan in 1618, and eventually to the proposal of the strange monopoly policy by Jan Pieterszoon Coen to the Heeren XVII (Gentlemen Seventeen) in the Dutch Republic in 1622, these seemingly irrelevant events are in fact the fragments of an untold global history of cloves which was not westward bound to the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, and Europe, but northward linked with the East Asian world via the Manila route.

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“…44 Ecologist Steve McAlpin believes the proliferation of buffel grass may also have contributed to the local disappearance of a skink known as Egernia slateri. 45 But it is a picture changing so fast the full impacts on…”

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confidence: 99%

Buffel Grass: An Augmented Landscape

Beudel¹

2012

CSR

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One year I deliberately chose to spend time in Alice Springs during early summer.Until then I had only visited in winter, the peak tourist season. This time I flew in rather than drove and met the first wave of heat through the parting glass doors at the airport.I stayed at the usual place but was surprised to discover that it had come to life.At nightfall, the walls and windows hosted numbers of small pale geckoes lying in wait for insects, and chirruping loudly through the night. There were two that hunted from the outside glass panes of the window next to the kitchen table, and as I ate dinner I had an intimate view of their pale fawn underbellies and the sticky discs at their fingertips with which they clung to the sheer surface of glass. Their dark bulging eyes glistened as they lay in wait for the moths attracted by my kitchen light.At dusk, when I went walking through the ironwoods and hakeas, a sacred kingfisher darted through a low submerged greenish light that lingered beyond sunset. In the heat of the day a wasp came and went outside the door, building a nest against the side of the stone steps. Its nest was composed, so far, of three small mud cups joined together in a cellular pattern. In the undergrowth, lizards rustled when I passed; along the gravel driveway was a resident goanna about a metre long, and out on the road a large brown snake sunned itself on the bitumen. The first couple of nights were quite cool; but then, in the middle of the night, around 3 a.m., I was Saskia Beudel-Buffel Grass 335 woken by the sound of distant wind approaching across the landscape-that particular sound wind has when it is imminent, a roil of motion approaching a pocket of stillness. I was sleeping with the door open and when the wind struck it was hot. A hot wind in the middle of the night was completely counter--intuitive to me, when one associates nights with cooling. A wave of heat was crossing the desert in the darkness.

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Speaking of Yangzhou

Cited by 62 publications

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9. The Artisan’s Place: The ‘Four Occupational Groups’ and the Social Position of Craftspeople

9. The Artisan’s Place: The ‘Four Occupational Groups’ and the Social Position of Craftspeople

Junks to Mare Clausum: China-Maluku Connections in the Spice Wars, 1607–1622

Buffel Grass: An Augmented Landscape

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