“…Another rationale for public responsibility is related to national security: in many countries, the construction and maintenance of dikes and levees and emergency planning are regarded as the responsibility of governments (Aakre & Rübbelke, 2010;Berkhout, 2005;Heltberg, Siegel, & Jorgensen, 2009;Osberghaus et al, 2010). Another rationale for public responsibility is fairness, by correcting for the distributional consequences of climate impacts and of adaptation action (Bulkeley, Carmin, Castán Broto, & Edwards, 2013;Marino & Ribot, 2012). Climate impacts are rather localized, leading to different impacts on different groups and localities (e.g.…”