“…We have previously shown that all the isolates examined in the P . anserina species complex differentiate appressoria [27]. In the present paper, we show that in fact many saprotrophic Dikarya differentiate appressoria: 64% of the investigated species growing on cellophane (21 out of 33 saprotrophic species).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 51%
“…Host penetration by fungi has long been an important field of research. Due to its central role in the penetration process, the appressorium, the dedicated structure in fungal pathogens as well as in mutualistic fungi, has been thoroughly studied and reviewed [5,7,24,25,26,27]. Recently, we have discovered that the coprophilous fungus P .…”
Phytopathogenic and mycorrhizal fungi often penetrate living hosts by using appressoria and related structures. The differentiation of similar structures in saprotrophic fungi to penetrate dead plant biomass has seldom been investigated and has been reported only in the model fungus Podospora anserina. Here, we report on the ability of many saprotrophs from a large range of taxa to produce appressoria on cellophane. Most Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were able to form appressoria. In contrast, none of the three investigated Mucoromycotina was able to differentiate such structures. The ability of filamentous fungi to differentiate appressoria no longer belongs solely to pathogenic or mutualistic fungi, and this raises the question of the evolutionary origin of the appressorium in Eumycetes.
“…We have previously shown that all the isolates examined in the P . anserina species complex differentiate appressoria [27]. In the present paper, we show that in fact many saprotrophic Dikarya differentiate appressoria: 64% of the investigated species growing on cellophane (21 out of 33 saprotrophic species).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 51%
“…Host penetration by fungi has long been an important field of research. Due to its central role in the penetration process, the appressorium, the dedicated structure in fungal pathogens as well as in mutualistic fungi, has been thoroughly studied and reviewed [5,7,24,25,26,27]. Recently, we have discovered that the coprophilous fungus P .…”
Phytopathogenic and mycorrhizal fungi often penetrate living hosts by using appressoria and related structures. The differentiation of similar structures in saprotrophic fungi to penetrate dead plant biomass has seldom been investigated and has been reported only in the model fungus Podospora anserina. Here, we report on the ability of many saprotrophs from a large range of taxa to produce appressoria on cellophane. Most Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were able to form appressoria. In contrast, none of the three investigated Mucoromycotina was able to differentiate such structures. The ability of filamentous fungi to differentiate appressoria no longer belongs solely to pathogenic or mutualistic fungi, and this raises the question of the evolutionary origin of the appressorium in Eumycetes.
“…To determine whether Spok1 is also dominant to Spok3 and Spok4 , crosses were conducted between strain T D and strains of P. anserina . Although T D shows low fertility with P. anserina (Boucher et al, 2017), we were successful in mating T D to a number of P. anserina strains of different Psk spore-killer types (Figure 4—source data 2 and 3). Often, only a few perithecia were produced with limited numbers of asci available to count, but despite this obstacle, the crosses clearly demonstrate that T D is dominant over Psk-S and Psk-2 strains, and is mutually resistant to a Psk-5 strain.…”
Meiotic drive is the preferential transmission of a particular allele during sexual reproduction. The phenomenon is observed as spore killing in multiple fungi. In natural populations of Podospora anserina, seven spore killer types (Psks) have been identified through classical genetic analyses. Here we show that the Spok gene family underlies the Psks. The combination of Spok genes at different chromosomal locations defines the spore killer types and creates a killing hierarchy within a population. We identify two novel Spok homologs located within a large (74–167 kbp) region (the Spok block) that resides in different chromosomal locations in different strains. We confirm that the SPOK protein performs both killing and resistance functions and show that these activities are dependent on distinct domains, a predicted nuclease and kinase domain. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses across ascomycetes suggest that the Spok genes disperse through cross-species transfer, and evolve by duplication and diversification within lineages.
“…The tree is rooted with the four species of Madurela together with the type species of Stolonocarpus .Fig. 6Delimitation of Podospora anserina and its closely related species based on the separate analyses of four loci from Boucher et al (2017): ITS ( A ), Rchr3 on chromosome 3 ( B ), Rchr4 on chromosome 4 ( C ) and Rchr6 on chromosome 6 ( D ). Unrooted ML trees are shown with the confidence values indicated at the notes as in Fig.…”
The genus Thielavia is morphologically defined by having non-ostiolate ascomata with a thin peridium composed of textura epidermoidea, and smooth, single-celled, pigmented ascospores with one germ pore. Thielavia is typified with Th. basicola that grows in close association with a hyphomycete which was traditionally identified as Thielaviopsis basicola. Besides Th. basicola exhibiting the mycoparasitic nature, the majority of the described Thielavia species are from soil, and some have economic and ecological importance. Unfortunately, no living type material of Th. basicola exists, hindering a proper understanding of the classification of Thielavia. Therefore, Thielavia basicola was neotypified by material of a mycoparasite presenting the same ecology and morphology as described in the original description. We subsequently performed a multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (rpb2, tub2, ITS and LSU) to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the species currently recognised in Thielavia. Our results demonstrate that Thielavia is highly polyphyletic, being related to three family-level lineages in two orders. The redefined genus Thielavia is restricted to its type species, Th. basicola, which belongs to the Ceratostomataceae (Melanosporales) and its host is demonstrated to be Berkeleyomyces rouxiae, one of the two species in the “Thielaviopsis basicola” species complex. The new family Podosporaceae is sister to the Chaetomiaceae in the Sordariales and accommodates the re-defined genera Podospora, Trangularia and Cladorrhinum, with the last genus including two former Thielavia species (Th. hyalocarpa and Th. intermedia). This family also includes the genetic model species Podospora anserina, which was combined in Triangularia (as Triangularia anserina). The remaining Thielavia species fall in ten unrelated clades in the Chaetomiaceae, leading to the proposal of nine new genera (Carteria, Chrysanthotrichum, Condenascus, Hyalosphaerella, Microthielavia, Parathielavia, Pseudothielavia, Stolonocarpus and Thermothielavioides). The genus Canariomyces is transferred from Microascaceae (Microascales) to Chaetomiaceae based on its type species Can. notabilis. Canariomyces is closely related to the human-pathogenic genus Madurella, and includes three thielavia-like species and one novel species. Three monotypic genera with a chaetomium-like morph (Brachychaeta, Chrysocorona and Floropilus) are introduced to better resolve the Chaetomiaceae and the thielavia-like species in the family. Chrysocorona lucknowensis and Brachychaeta variospora are closely related to Acrophialophora and three newly introduced genera containing thielavia-like species; Floropilus chiversii is closely related to the industrially important and thermophilic species Thermothielavioides terrestris (syn. Th. terrestris). This study shows that the thielavia-like morph is a homoplastic form that originates from several separate evolutionary events. Furthermore, our results provide new insights into the taxonomy of Sordariales and the polyphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae.
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