Species delimitation of three species within the Russula subgenus Compacta in Korea: R. eccentrica, R. nigricans, and R. subnigricans

Abstract

Distinguishing individual Russula species can be very difficult due to extensive phenotypic plasticity and obscure morphological and anatomical discontinuities. In this study, we use the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU) markers to identify and study the genetic diversity of species in the Russula subgenus Compacta in Korea. We focus on two morphologically similar species that are often misidentified for each other: R. nigricans and R. subnigricans. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, we identify three subgroups of R. nigricans, with two from Asia and one from Europe/North America. Surprisingly, we find Korean R. subnigricans are more closely related to R. eccentrica from North America than the type specimen of R. subnigricans from Japan. These molecular data, along with habitat data, reveal that Korean R. subnigricans had previously been misclassified and should now be recognized as R. eccentrica. Both ITS and LSU exhibit high interspecific and low intraspecific variation for R. eccentrica, R. nigricans, and R. subnigricans. These markers provide enough resolutional power to differentiate these species and uncover phylogeographic structure, and will be powerful tools for future ecological studies of Russula.

Recent advances in population genetics of ectomycorrhizal mushroomsRussulaspp.

“…Globally, about 750 species have been recorded in this genus (Kirk et al 2008). Some Russula species (e.g., Russula nigricans and Russula pectinatoides ) are found in several continents (Eberhardt 2002; Miller and Buyck 2002; Shimono et al 2004; Ashkannejhad and Horton 2006; Palmer et al 2008; Yin et al 2008; Jones et al 2012; Osmundson et al 2013; Park et al 2014), whereas others show geographic specific distributions (e.g., Russula brevipes is mainly distributed in North America, Russula ochroleuca is mainly distributed in Europe, and Russula discopus is dominated in tropical zone) (Bergemann and Miller 2002; Eberhardt 2002; Miller and Buyck 2002; Riviere et al 2007; Kellner et al 2009; Kottke et al 2010; Kleine et al 2013; Osmundson et al 2013). Over the past decade, biodiversity surveys using new molecular methods and/or analyzing previously under-surveyed territories and ecological niches have led to the discovery of many new species in this genus, such as Russula changbaiensis (northeast China), Russula tsokae (Sikkim, Himalayas), Russula galbana (Australasia), and Russula caeruleoanulata (west Africa) (Lebel and Tonkin 2007; Douanla-Meli and Langer 2009; Das et al 2010; Li et al 2013).…”

Dažniausi Apsinuodijimo Grybais Sindromai Ir Inkstų Pažeidimai

“…Įvairios ūmėdžių (Russula) rūšys yra randamos visame pasaulyje ir sumaišyti valgomas juosvąją (R.nigricans) ir nuodingąją ūmėdę (R.subnigricans), kuri randama Korėjoje vasarą ir rudenį, nėra sunku [28]. Taivane ir Japonijoje buvo užfiksuoti nuodingosios ūmėdės apsinuodijimų protrūkiai, kurie komplikavosi rabdomiolize ir mirtimi [29,30,31].…”

“…Dažniausios rabdomiolizės priežastys yra trauma, raumenų pertempimas, raumenų hipoksija, infekcija, organizmo temperatūros pokyčiai, metaboliniai ir elektrolitų sutrikimai, narkotikai, vaistai ir toksinai, genetiniai defektai. Ūmius apsinuodijimus, kurie sukelia rabdomiolizę, dažniausiai sukelia apsinuodijimas opiatais, pesticidais, neuroleptikais, antikonvulsantais, etilo alkoholiu [28,33]. Galima rabdomiolizės priežastis po grybų vartojimo gali būti toksinas -cikloprop-2-enkarboksilo rūgštis, gautas iš nuodingosios ūmėdės.…”

“…Jis sukelia ūminį inkstų nepakankamumą. Ūminis inkstų nepakankamumas atsiranda dėl intrarenalinės vazokonstrikcijos, tiesioginio ir išeminio inkstų kanalėlių pažeidimo ir obstrukcijos mioglobinu [28]. Taip pat nuodingosios ūmėdės toksinas galimai sukelia kardiovaskulinės sistemos komplikacijas -ūmi kairiojo skilvelio sistolinė disfukcija sukelia kardiogeninį šoką [29,35,36].…”

A preliminary DNA barcode selection for the genus Russula (Russulales, Basidiomycota)

“…There are relatively fewer researches in which multiple genes were analysed, e.g. ITS, mtSSU, nLSU and rpb2 in Li et al (2010b), ITS, nLSU and rpb2 in Park et al (2013), ITS and nLSU in Park et al (2014), ITS, rpb2, atp6, cox3 and chsi in Cao et al (2013) and ITS, mtSSU and rpb2 in Caboň et al (2017). In the present study, six genes, namely nLSU (28S), ITS, tef-1α, mtSSU, rpb1, and rpb2, which have been widely analysed in molecular phylogeny, were selected as candidate biomarkers.…”