Species differences in ontogeny of memory: Indirect support for neural maturation as a determinant of forgetting.

Campbell, Byron A.; Misanin, James R.; White, Brent C.; Lytle, Loy D.

doi:10.1037/h0036866

Cited by 79 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…These results were consistent with those from Klein et al (1976), which showed retention of taste aversion in weanling young rats 1 day and 28 days after aversion training. However, the present data were inconsistent with those from Campbell et al (1974) that showed rapid forgetting of instrumental passive avoidance behavior over the same 7-day period.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…Instrumental responding, however, might reflect a more slowly developing behavioral system that requires more complex information for acquisition and retention. Thus, the present findings of invariant retention of consummatory response withholding relative to the apparently rapid forgetting of instrumental response withholding in Campbell et al (1974) might have been due to differences between classes of behavior (consummatory vs. instrumental) or due to the primacy of the response system underlying consummatory behavior relative to that for instrumental behavior. Whether invariant retention effects will occur for adult rats in taste aversion and whether invariant retention will be displayed at long retention intervals (e.g., 10 weeks) for weanling rats are questions for further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

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Learning and retention of sucrose taste aversion in weanling rats

Franchina

Domato

McCleese

1979

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Sixty rat pups, 21 days old, drank 9% sucrose and then received a single injection of distilled water or .3, .6, 1.8, or 3.0 mEq of lithium chloride (LiCI). Testing with a two-bottle choice procedure showed that sucrose taste aversion occurred reliably following injections of 1.8 and 3.0 mEq of LiCI, but not following .3-or .6·mEq injections. In Experiment 2, 80 rat pups, 21 days old, drank 9% sucrose and received an injection of LiCI (3.0 mEq) or distilled water and then were tested for taste aversion 24, 48, 72, or 168 h later. Aversion effects were reliable at each retention interval; the magnitude of aversion was invariant across intervals.Recent studies of taste aversion learning have shown that when the conditions of training and testing are appropriate, young rats 22 to 29 days old learn to inhibit consummatory responding toward a taste stimulus that previously accompanied toxicosis (e.g., Ader & Peck, 1977;Baker, Baker, & Kesner, 1977; Grote & Brown, 1971 b; Klein, Domato, Hallstead, Stephens, & Mikulka, 1975). However, Baker et aL (1977) and Klein et al. (1975) have indicated that although taste aversion effects were demonstrable with young rats, these effects seemed more labile than they appeared to be for older rats, 80 days of age. That is, 'conditions that yielded reliable taste aversion effects in adult rats yielded only marginal effects in younger rats. Unfortunately, the relatively sparse amount of information about the parameters of taste aversion for weanling rats makes it difficult to ascertain the basis for the weanlings' performance in aversion learning. One apparently potent taste aversion variable whose effects have been reported for adult rats (Nachman & Ashe, 1973) but not for weanlings is the intensity (concentra· tion) of the toxicosiS-inducing agent. Nachman and Ashe (1973) showed that for adult rats, 60 days old, taste aversion increased reliably with increasing milleeqUivalents (mEq) of lithium chloride (LiCl) up to 3.0 mEq. Since there are no dose·response data available for infant rats, Experiment 1 investigated the effects of injecting .3-, .6-, 1.8-, or 3.O-mEq liCI on taste aversion in rats, 21 days old at injection. On Days 2, 3, 4, and 5, each pup received l·h daily access to tap water; the wet mash was made progressively drier over days until on Day 5 only dry ground chow served as food. On Day 6 the rat pups, 21 days old, were randomly assigned to injection conditions (n = 12). Each pup received 1-h access to 9% sucrose (weight/volume), and within 15 min after the end of the drinking period, each received an intraperitoneal injection of .3, .6, or 1.8 mEq of .15·molar Lic!, or 3.0 mEq of .30-molar LiCl, or 12 ml/kg of distilled water. Beginning 24 h after injection, each rat was tested for sucrose taste aversion with a two-bottle choice procedure: One bottle contained 9% sucrose, the other, tap water. Each pup received nine 1-h test periods, one period every 24 h. The measure of performance was the amount drunk (in milliliters) from each bottle, as calculated by the diff...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Learning and retention of sucrose taste aversion in weanling rats

Franchina

Domato

McCleese

1979

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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“…This outcome appears significant, as the behavior of rats and guinea pigs had been found to differ considerably in various behavioral situations (e.g., Campbell, Misanin, White, & Lytle, 1974;Glickman & Hartz, 1964;Jonson, Lyle, Edwards, & Penny, 1975;Pearl, 1963;Riess, 1934), despite the fact that both species are members of the rodent order.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Activity changes following sulcal, but not medial, ablation of the prefrontal cortex of the guinea pig

et al. 1980

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“…Many theories postulate that the factor underlying infantile amnesia is the rapid growth and maturation of sensory and central nervous systems that occurs between the time that the animal is trained in infancy and tested in adulthood. This viewpoint suggests that some aspect of the animal's growth during a retention interval is responsible for the exaggerated forgetting at the end of this interval (Campbell, Misanin, White, & Lytle, 1974). The extent ofneural growth expected over a I-h period is problematic, but probably it is sufficiently minimal to limit the usefulness of the neural maturation hypothesis in accounting for the forgetting observed.…”

Section: >< Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditioned aversion is promoted by memory of CS−

Kucharski

Richter

Spear

1985

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Five experiments tested the effects of experience with a white compartment not paired with footshock (CS-) on conditioning of an aversion to a black compartment paired with footshock. As previously found with odors as CSs, a single pairing of the CS+ with footshock yielded significant conditioning only if the animal was also exposed to CS-, with greater conditioning when the CS-exposure preceded the CS+ than when the CS+ preceded the CS-. If, however, the CSpreceded CS+ by a 24-h interval, it was ineffective and no CS+ conditioning occurred. For adult rats, the effectiveness of the CS-/CS+ "integration" progressively decreased with increasing length of the interval separating their occurrence, although it was still significant (i.e., some CS+ conditioning occurred) with a 12-h CS-to CS+ delay. For preweanlings (16 days postnatal), no conditioning to CS+ occurred ifthe interval between CS-and CS+ was 1 h or longer, although significant conditioning to CS+ did occur with a CS-to CS+ interval as long as 40 min. It was as if active memory for the CS-at the time of CS+ exposure was necessary for CS+ conditioning, and forgetting of the CS-memory proceeded more rapidly for preweanling than for adult rats. Collectively, these experiments extend results previously indicating that (l) the CS+ contiguous to the US mayor may not be "selected" for conditioning, depending on the rat's exposure to, or memory for, a CS-, and (2)this stimulus selection might differ for immature and mature rats. 143A variety of experiential manipulations have identified circumstances that determine which of several contiguous stimuli are "selected" for association in a learning task (e.g., latent inhibition, blocking, overshadowing; Mackintosh, 1974). Other findings indicate that there are certain ontogenetic and biological constraints that determine which stimuli within an episode are and which are not association. Haroutunian and Campbell (1979) found that animals younger than 10 days postnatal could associate an odor CS+ with illness (induced by an injection of lithium chloride) but not with footshock. The young animals were at least as sensitive to the footshock employed as the older animals that readily formed the association. Garcia and Koelling (1966) reported that adult rats could easily form an association between taste and illness, but not between taste and shock. Other studies have demonstrated that both biological and experiential factors can interact to determine similar stimulus selection (Kelley, 1982). Recently, we have studied another experiential manipulation that determines when a contiguous conditioned stimulus (CS) will be selected for association with the unconditioned stimulus (US). Animals given an odor CS-(cue explicitly unpaired with footshock) were found to express greater aversions to the odor CS+ (cue followed by footshock) than animals given only the CS+ (Bryan, 1979;Kucharski & Spear, 1984). Some background to this work is in order.Doctoral dissertation research conducted in our laboratory had indicated that rats as...

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Species differences in ontogeny of memory: Indirect support for neural maturation as a determinant of forgetting.

Cited by 79 publications

References 18 publications

Learning and retention of sucrose taste aversion in weanling rats

Learning and retention of sucrose taste aversion in weanling rats

Activity changes following sulcal, but not medial, ablation of the prefrontal cortex of the guinea pig

Conditioned aversion is promoted by memory of CS−

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