Species differences in the distribution and coexistence ratio of serotonin and substance P in the monkey, cat, rat and chick spinal cord

Okado, Nobuo; Matsukawa, Masakazu; Noritake, Shinobu; Ozaki, Shigeru; Hamada, Shin; Arita, Mitsuko; Kudo, Norio

doi:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90290-a

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The colocalization of substance P and MENK8 in cattle was confirmed in both the endocrine cells and the nerve cell bodies ofthe rnyenteric plexus. The colocalization of serotonin with substance P or enkephalin and that of substance P with MENK8 has also been reported in the central and peripheral nervous systems, with apparent differences among species in the distribution and relative numblers ofimmunoreactive cells (Pelletier et al, 1981;Legay et al, 1984;Senba et al, 1988;Okado et al, 1991). The present study revealed that a subpopulation of bovine serotonin-immunormctive cells also contained two kinds of regulatory peptide, namely substance P and MENK8.…”

Section: Figsupporting

confidence: 76%

Immunohistochemical Colocalization of Serotonin, Substance P and Met‐enkephalin‐Arg⁶‐Gly⁷‐Leu⁸ in the Endocrine Cells of the Ruminant Duodenum

Mimoda

Kitamura

Hondo

et al. 1998

Anat Histol Embryol

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The duodenum of various ruminants was examined by immunohistochemical staining for serotonin, substance P and Metenkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MENK8). Serotonin- and substance P-immunoreactive endocrine cells were detected in samples from cow, calf, sheep, goat, and barbary sheep, MENK8-immunoreactive endocrine cells were detected exclusively in samples from cow and calf. Substance P and MENK8 immunoreactivity was found in serotonin-immunoreactive endocrine cells of cattle. Substance P- and MENK8-immunoreactive nervous elements were detected in all ruminants examined. The present results suggest that the expression and/or the mechanism that controls the expression of each peptide might differ between endocrine cells and nerve cells and might also depend on animal species.

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Section: Figsupporting

confidence: 76%

Immunohistochemical Colocalization of Serotonin, Substance P and Met‐enkephalin‐Arg⁶‐Gly⁷‐Leu⁸ in the Endocrine Cells of the Ruminant Duodenum

Mimoda

Kitamura

Hondo

et al. 1998

Anat Histol Embryol

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“…This sustained firing behaviour may be facilitated by long‐duration excitatory post‐synaptic potentials in motoneurones after spinal cord injury (Norton et al 2008), or by constitutive activation of 5‐HT 2C receptors after injury in the absence of 5‐HT (Murray et al 2010). Descending brainstem fibres that commonly provide 5‐HT to spinal motoneurons (Okado et al 1991) probably also contribute to the maintenance of sustained motor unit activity in those subjects that retain some voluntary control over their thenar muscles after injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Firing patterns of spontaneously active motor units in spinal cord‐injured subjects

Zijdewind

Thomas

2012

The Journal of Physiology

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Key points• Muscles below a human spinal cord injury start to contract involuntarily a few weeks after trauma. The basis for this spontaneous activity is still unclear.• We show motor units in these muscles exhibited regular or irregular activity for several minutes.The regularly firing motor units had longer estimated afterhyperpolarisation potentials, higher mean firing rates and generated weaker forces.• These observations suggest that regularly firing motor units are more excitable than those that fire irregularly.• Spontaneous firing of motor units at regular rates may reflect active properties (such as persistent currents) within motoneurones, visible here in the absence of voluntary drive.• This basic motor unit firing behaviour may underlie the firing patterns typically recorded during voluntary contractions.Abstract Involuntary motor unit activity at low rates is common in hand muscles paralysed by spinal cord injury. Our aim was to describe these patterns of motor unit behaviour in relation to motoneurone and motor unit properties. Intramuscular electromyographic activity (EMG), surface EMG and force were recorded for 30 min from thenar muscles of nine men with chronic cervical SCI. Motor units fired for sustained periods (>10 min) at regular (coefficient of variation ≤ 0.15, CV, n = 19 units) or irregular intervals (CV > 0.15, n = 14). Regularly firing units started and stopped firing independently suggesting that intrinsic motoneurone properties were important for recruitment and derecruitment. Recruitment (3.6 Hz, SD 1.2), maximal (10.2 Hz, SD 2.3, range: 7.5-15.4 Hz) and derecruitment frequencies were low (3.3 Hz, SD 1.6), as were firing rate increases after recruitment (∼20 intervals in 3 s). Once active, firing often covaried, promoting the idea that units received common inputs. Half of the regularly firing units showed a very slow decline (>40 s) in discharge before derecruitment and had interspike intervals longer than their estimated afterhyperpolarisation potential (AHP) duration (estimated by death rate and breakpoint analyses). The other units were derecruited more abruptly and had shorter estimated AHP durations. Overall, regularly firing units had longer estimated AHP durations and were weaker than irregularly firing units, suggesting they were lower threshold units. Sustained firing of units at regular rates may reflect activation of persistent inward currents, visible here in the absence of voluntary drive, whereas irregularly firing units may only respond to synaptic noise.

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“…For example, there are several cases in which the same neuron or neuronal population contains one or more different neurotransmitters in different species (Bennett‐Clarke et al . 1991; Okado et al . 1991; Meyrand & Marder, 1991; Katz, 1991; Mortin & Marder, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species‐specific modulation of pattern‐generating circuits

Meyrand

Faumont

Simmers

et al. 2000

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Phylogenetic comparison can reveal general principles governing the organization and neuromodulation of neural networks. Suitable models for such an approach are the pyloric and gastric motor networks of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG). These networks, which have been well studied in several species, are extensively modulated by projection neurons originating in higher-order ganglia. Several of these have been identified in different decapod species, including the paired modulatory proctolin neuron (MPN) in the crab Cancer borealis [Nusbaum & Marder (1989) J. Neurosci., 9,1501-1599; Nusbaum & Marder (1989), J. Neurosci., 9, 1600-1607] and the apparently equivalent neuron pair, called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) neurons 1 and 2 (GN1/2), in the lobster Homarus gammarus [Cournil et al. (1990) J. Neurocytol., 19, 478-493]. The morphologies of MPN and GN1/2 are similar, and both exhibit GABA-immunolabelling. However, unlike MPN, GN1/2 does not contain the peptide transmitter proctolin. Instead, GN1/2, but not MPN, is immunoreactive for the neuropeptides related to cholecystokinin (CCK) and FLRFamide. Nonetheless, GN1/2 excitation of the lobster pyloric rhythm is similar to the proctolin-mediated excitation of the crab pyloric rhythm by MPN. In contrast, GN1/2 and MPN both use GABA but produce opposite effects on the gastric mill rhythm. While MPN stimulation produces a GABA-mediated suppression of the gastric rhythm [Blitz & Nusbaum (1999) J. Neurosci., 19, 6774-6783], GN1/2 activates or enhances gastric rhythmicity. These results highlight the care needed when generalizing neuronal organization and function across related species. Here we show that the 'same' neuron in different species does not contain the same neurotransmitter complement, nor does it exert all of the same effects on its postsynaptic targets. Conversely, a different transmitter phenotype is not necessarily associated with a qualitative change in the way that a modulatory neuron influences target network activity.

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Species differences in the distribution and coexistence ratio of serotonin and substance P in the monkey, cat, rat and chick spinal cord

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Immunohistochemical Colocalization of Serotonin, Substance P and Met‐enkephalin‐Arg⁶‐Gly⁷‐Leu⁸ in the Endocrine Cells of the Ruminant Duodenum

Immunohistochemical Colocalization of Serotonin, Substance P and Met‐enkephalin‐Arg⁶‐Gly⁷‐Leu⁸ in the Endocrine Cells of the Ruminant Duodenum

Firing patterns of spontaneously active motor units in spinal cord‐injured subjects

Species‐specific modulation of pattern‐generating circuits

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Species differences in the distribution and coexistence ratio of serotonin and substance P in the monkey, cat, rat and chick spinal cord

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Immunohistochemical Colocalization of Serotonin, Substance P and Met‐enkephalin‐Arg6‐Gly7‐Leu8 in the Endocrine Cells of the Ruminant Duodenum

Immunohistochemical Colocalization of Serotonin, Substance P and Met‐enkephalin‐Arg6‐Gly7‐Leu8 in the Endocrine Cells of the Ruminant Duodenum

Firing patterns of spontaneously active motor units in spinal cord‐injured subjects

Species‐specific modulation of pattern‐generating circuits

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Immunohistochemical Colocalization of Serotonin, Substance P and Met‐enkephalin‐Arg⁶‐Gly⁷‐Leu⁸ in the Endocrine Cells of the Ruminant Duodenum

Immunohistochemical Colocalization of Serotonin, Substance P and Met‐enkephalin‐Arg⁶‐Gly⁷‐Leu⁸ in the Endocrine Cells of the Ruminant Duodenum