Specific Characteristics of Family 45 Endoglucanases from Mucorales in the Use of Textiles and Laundry

Abstract

We examined the characteristics of family 45 endoglucanases (glycoside hydrolases family 45; GH45) from Mucorales belonging to Zygomycota in the use of textiles and laundry. The defibrillation activities on lyocell fabric of family 45 endoglucanases from Mucorales, such as RCE1 and RCE2 from Rhizopus oryzae, MCE1 and MCE2 from Mucor circinelloides, and PCE1 from Phycomyces nitens, were much higher than those of the other family 45 endoglucanases. By contrast, family 45 endoglucanases from Mucorales were less resistant to anionic surfactant and oxidizing agent, main components in detergents, than the other family 45 endoglucanases. RCE1 consists of two distinct modules, a catalytic module and a carbohydrate-binding module family 1 (CBM1), and these common specific characteristics were considered to due to the catalytic module, but not to the CBM1.Key words: endoglucanase; cellulase; glycoside hydrolase family 45; Zygomycota; Mucorales Cellulose is the major plant cell wall polysaccharide and is degraded by cellulases. This degradation is considered to be achieved by the synergistic action of three types of cellulase components: endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4, endo--D-1,4-glucanases), cellobiohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.91), and -glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21). 1)Most cellulosic fabrics consisting of cellulosic fibers, such as cotton, linen, ramie, viscose, and lyocell, have a tendency to form microfibrils. The accumulation of microfibrils on the surface of the fabrics make the fabrics look hairy and scatters incident light, thereby lessening the brightness of the original colors. These phenomena are considered to be negative features of cellulosic fabrics. Hence, the removal of the microfibrils (defibrillation) is necessary to increase the commercial value of cellulosic fabrics. In the textile and detergent industries, endoglucanases are used to remove microfibrils from the surface of cellulosic fabrics, enhancing color brightness. [2][3][4][5] Although lyocell fabrics possess many positive attributes for high-quality fabrics, they have the negative characteristic to form larger quantities of microfibrils than other cellulosic fabrics in the dyeing, finishing, and washing processes. Hence, high defibrillation of lyocell fabrics by endoglucanase treatment is in demand for textile use. 6)Family 45 endoglucanases (glycoside hydrolases family 45; GH45) are the main endoglucanases used in the textile and detergent industries because of their high defibrillation activities, 6,7) and many fungal family 45 endoglucanases have been purified and characterized. The fungal kingdom is classified into four phylums: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota. Zygomycota is classified into two classes: Zygomycetes and Trichomycetes.8) Furthermore, Zygomycetes is classified into 12 orders: Mucorales, Entomophthorales, Zoopagales, Endogonales, Amoebidiales, Eccrinales, Harpellales, Asellariales, etc. In our previous studies, six endoglucanases, RCE1, RCE2, and RCE3 from Rhizopus oryzae, 9,10) MCE1 and MCE2 from Mucor circinelloid...

Stachybotrys atra BP-A produces alkali-resistant and thermostable cellulases

“…These properties are similar to those of cellulases from thermophilic fungi (Maheshwari et al 2000), and are of special interest as stable enzymes are required for industrial processes (Bhat 2000). The analysis of stability in alkaline conditions showed that most of the enzymes produced (CMCase bands of 65-67, 61 and 42 kDa) are alkali-resistant cellulases, which remained stable at pH 9 and 65°C for at least 1 h. Cellulases that are active and stable at high temperatures and alkaline pH are of special interest in the detergency industry, where enzymes and detergent additives must be active in harsh washing conditions (Wang et al 2005;Simonaka et al 2006). In paper recycling, cellulases can be applied to facilitate deinking in the flotation cells, which usually operate under alkaline and high temperature conditions (Bajpai and Bajpai 1998).…”

Zygomycetes-based biorefinery: Present status and future prospects

“…Endoglucanases produced by zygomycetes in liquid medium containing chitin or wheat bran, have been investigated and compared to commercial endoglucanases. Potential applications for endoglucanases appear in the brewery industry, where these enzymes lead to lower viscosity (Celestino et al, 2006), and in the textile industry, where they induce higher defibrillation activities on lyocell fabric as well as lower resistance to anionic surfactants and oxidizing agents (Shimonaka et al, 2006). In the animal feed industry, the enzymes showed higher thermostability and activity at pH 2.6-6.5 than current commercialized β-glucanases ( Rhizopus microsporus by employing solid-state fermentation, based on wheat bran, straw, and grain sprouts, and also submerged fermentation, based on xylose, maize extract, and salts.…”

Purification and Characterization of a New Family 45 Endoglucanase, STCE1, from Staphylotrichum coccosporum and Its Overproduction in Humicola insolens

“…Based on the results on May 9, 2018 by guest http://aem.asm.org/ described here, STCE1 is considered to be an all-around suitable enzyme that has all the properties required for laundry use. Although the catalytic domain of RCE1 had high defibrillation activities on dyed cotton and lyocell fabrics, this enzyme had low resistance to anionic surfactants and oxidizing agents (29,35). By contrast, the catalytic domain of EGL3 was highly resistant to anionic surfactants and oxidizing agents, whereas it had low defibrillation activity on dyed lyocell fabrics (35).…”

“…Although the catalytic domain of RCE1 had high defibrillation activities on dyed cotton and lyocell fabrics, this enzyme had low resistance to anionic surfactants and oxidizing agents (29,35). By contrast, the catalytic domain of EGL3 was highly resistant to anionic surfactants and oxidizing agents, whereas it had low defibrillation activity on dyed lyocell fabrics (35). In a previous study, to identify the amino acids involved in the various properties needed for laundering, we compared the characteristics of RCE1, EGL3, and three chimeric enzymes (ER1, ER2, and ER3) in which each of the three regions of the catalytic domain of EGL3 was replaced with the corresponding region of the catalytic domain of RCE1 (26).…”

“…However, all-purpose enzymes that have all the properties mentioned above have not been obtained yet. For example, although family 45 endoglucanases from members of the Zygomycota, such as RCE1 and RCE2 from Rhizopus oryzae (23,25), MCE1 and MCE2 from Mucor circinelloides (2), and PCE1 from Phycomyces nitens (34), had high defibrillation activities on dyed lyocell and cotton fabrics, they had little resistance to an anionic surfactant and an oxidizing agent (29,35). By contrast, family 45 endoglucanases from members of the Ascomycota, such as EGL3 and EGL4 from Humicola grisea (38), were highly resistant to the anionic surfactant and oxidizing agent, whereas they had low defibrillation activity on the dyed lyocell fabric (35).…”