Specific Immunotherapy Normalizes Tryptophan Concentrations in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis

Kofler, Heinz; Kurz, Katharina; Grander, G.; Fuchs, Dietmar

doi:10.1159/000338937

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Interestingly, higher levels of tryptophan were preferentially observed in nonresponders to SCIT. Thus, it was concluded that tryptophan concentrations could help to predict the outcome of SCIT [63].…”

Section: Tryptophan In Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tryptophan Metabolism in Allergic Disorders

Gostner¹,

Becker

Kofler³

et al. 2016

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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Allergic diseases such as asthma and rhinitis, as well the early phase of atopic dermatitis, are characterized by a Th2-skewed immune environment. Th2-type cytokines are upregulated in allergic inflammation, whereas there is downregulation of the Th1-type immune response and related cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The latter is a strong inducer of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1), which degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan, as part of an antiproliferative strategy of immunocompetent cells to halt the growth of infected and malignant cells, and also of T cells - an immunoregulatory intervention to avoid overactivation of the immune system. Raised serum tryptophan concentrations have been reported in patients with pollen allergy compared to healthy blood donors. Moreover, higher baseline tryptophan concentrations have been associated with a poor response to specific immunotherapy. It has been shown that the increase in tryptophan concentrations in patients with pollen allergy only exists outside the pollen season, and not during the season. Interestingly, there is only a minor alteration of the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp, an index of tryptophan breakdown). The reason for the higher tryptophan concentrations in patients with pollen allergy outside the season remains a matter of discussion. To this regard, the specific interaction of nitric oxide (NO∙) with the tryptophan-degrading enzyme IDO-1 could be important, because an enhanced formation of NO∙ has been reported in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Importantly, NO∙ suppresses the activity of the heme enzyme IDO-1, which could explain the higher tryptophan levels. Thus, inhibitors of inducible NO∙ synthase should be reconsidered as candidates for antiallergic therapy out of season that may abrogate the arrest of IDO-1 by decreasing the production of NO∙. Considering its association with the pathophysiology of atopic disease, tryptophan metabolism may play a relevant role in the pathophysiology of allergic disorders.

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Section: Tryptophan In Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tryptophan Metabolism in Allergic Disorders

Gostner¹,

Becker

Kofler³

et al. 2016

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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“…Booster immunotherapy in hay fever patients induced a decrease in serum tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations, demonstrating the involvement of tryptophan metabolism in the course of allergic responses. 100 …”

Section: Asthma and Copd: Defective Activation Of The Kynurenine Path...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Kynurenine Pathway in Respiratory Diseases

Pamart,

Gosset,

Le Rouzic

et al. 2024

Int J�Tryptophan�Res

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The kynurenine pathway is the primary route for tryptophan catabolism and has received increasing attention as its association with inflammation and the immune system has become more apparent. This review provides a broad overview of the kynurenine pathway in respiratory diseases, from the initial observations to the characterization of the different cell types involved in the synthesis of kynurenine metabolites and the underlying immunoregulatory mechanisms. With a focus on respiratory infections, the various attempts to characterize the kynurenine/tryptophan (K/T) ratio as an inflammatory marker are reviewed. Its implication in chronic lung inflammation and its exacerbation by respiratory pathogens is also discussed. The emergence of preclinical interventional studies targeting the kynurenine pathway opens the way for the future development of new therapies.

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Role of Kynurenine Pathway in Allergy

Kawasaki

Huang

2015

Targeting the Broadly Pathogenic Kynurenine Pathway

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Specific Immunotherapy Normalizes Tryptophan Concentrations in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis

Cited by 10 publications

References 66 publications

Tryptophan Metabolism in Allergic Disorders

Tryptophan Metabolism in Allergic Disorders

Kynurenine Pathway in Respiratory Diseases

Role of Kynurenine Pathway in Allergy

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