Specific molecular probes for mechanistic studies in toxicology and molecular epidemiology for risk assessment

Kakkar, Poonam; Jaffery, Farhat N.; Viswanathan, P. N.

doi:10.1080/10590509609373484

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…In this regard, it is important to evaluate the sensitivity of immunological endpoints, specific cell types and tissues, extrapolations across species, and whether chemical exposures were in vitro or in vivo. While interspecies comparisons of immunotoxicology data should be interpreted cautiously-because of differences in genetics (e.g., expression of metallothionein), pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and DNA repair, as well as varying complexity with teleost fish hematopoietic tissue, host age, gender, species, nutritional status, temperature, and previous chemical exposure (Zelikoff, 1997;Kakkar et al, 1996;Olin et al, 1997;Hirvonen, 1997;Gochfeld, 1997;Bernstein et al, 1998)in vitro comparative studies that administer equimolar/equitoxic doses should be considered for immunotoxicity testing. Some investigators, however, believe that molecular and biochemical studies are less species specific in terms of sensitivity to contaminant exposure, likely due to evolutionary conservation (Kakkar et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The functional activity of the immune cell population is a critical component of immune system health. Xenobiotic-induced changes in immune cell morphology/function appear useful as early indicators (i.e., biomarkers) of exposure and/or effect, and may serve to elucidate mechanisms of toxic action and host response (Hinton, 1994;Kakkar et al, 1996;Walker, 1998;Zelikoff, 1998). Some nonspecific responses of fish to chemical stressors include leukocyte migration, cytokine activation, and altered cellularity of lymphoid organs (Wester et al, 1994).…”

Section: Hg-induced Immunotoxicity In Fishmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Toxicology and Immunotoxicology of Mercury: A Comparative Review in Fish and Humans

Sweet¹,

Zelikoff²

2001

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews

206

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This review addresses an important area of environmental and mammalian toxicology by evaluating and comparing mercury-induced effects upon the immune responses of two evolutionarily divergent yet immunologically-related species. The mechanisms of mercury toxicology and immunotoxicology are described herein, including supporting data from the following: sources of exposure; bioavailability and biodistribution; metabolism; and laboratory and field investigations. Based upon the studies presented, the relative sensitivities of fish and human immune cells to mercury exposure are compared and contrasted with regard to mercury's ability to stimulate and/or suppress host immunocompetence. In addition, results from immune assays are compared to mercury tissue burdens, as well as to toxicological threshold level estimates. Such comparisons may help to resolve gaps in our knowledge regarding sensitivity of immunological assays, standardization of immunotoxicological techniques between species, and the extent to which the vertebrate immune system possesses functional reserve and redundancy in response to xenobiotics. A review of this type begins to provide support for the potential usefulness of fish immune cells to serve as indicators for human immunotoxicology risk assessment. Analysis of the reviewed studies supports the following conclusions in both lower and higher vertebrates: a threshold for mercury-induced immunotoxicological effects is likely; multiple exposure scenarios involving high and/or chronic exposures leading to increased body burdens are linked to increased risk of immunomodulation; and highly exposed and/or susceptible subpopulations are at greater risk of toxicological impact.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Hg-induced Immunotoxicity In Fishmentioning

confidence: 98%

Toxicology and Immunotoxicology of Mercury: A Comparative Review in Fish and Humans

Sweet¹,

Zelikoff²

2001

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews

206

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“…Recently, fine particles have become one of the main pollutants affecting the quality of the indoor and outdoor environment. Field results have shown that about 55-75% of indoor particulate matter comes from outdoor sources [1,2]. Inhaling air contaminated with particulate matter is very harmful to human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Chemical Fiber Air Filter for General Ventilation

Chai

Wang

et al. 2021

Atmosphere

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Air filters for general ventilation have mainly been used to control the concentration of indoor particulate matter. In this study, the pressure differential, test dust capacity, quality factor and operating life of class F8 pleat–plate and multi-bag type chemical fiber filters were evaluated using an air filter performance test system. The results showed that the resistance increase rate of multi-bag filter (0.49 Pa/g·(cm/s)) was lower than that of pleat–plate filter (1.94 Pa/g·(cm/s)), the quality factor of the multi-bag filter was lower than that of pleat–plate filter, and the dust capacity of the multi-bag filter was much higher than that of the pleat–plate filter. The operating life of the multi-bag filter was 8 times as that of the pleat–plate filter with the measured PM2.5 of outdoor. The energy consumption of the pleat–plate filter was 2.2 times that of the multi-bag filter. Analyzing the electron microscope photos after dust loading, the dust depth of pleat–plate filter into filter material was thinner than that of multi-bag filter. The research results could provide data support for the design optimization and selection of ventilation filters and the treatment of the particulate matter in indoor environments.

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