Specificity of Arm Training on Aerobic Power During Swimming and Running

Gergley, Thomas J.; McArdle, William D.; DeJESUS, Pam; Toner, M. M.; Jacobowitz, Sheldon; Spina, Robert J.

doi:10.1249/00005768-198404000-00099

Cited by 33 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The R was in excess of 1.10 and exhaustion determined the end of the exercise during ATB, TR and CE. During ATB, average R at maximal exercise were similar or higher than those that have previously been reported (Armstrong et al 1981;Gergley et al 1984;Obert et al 1992). Moreover the ATB _ V O 2max values were slightly higher than those reported by Armstrong and Davies (1981) and Swaine and Reilly (1983) in competitive swimmers tested on a swimbench.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…A levelling of f c or _ V O 2max was observed at the end of exercise even during ATB. However, f cmax and _ V O 2max were lower in ATB than in TR and CE, confirming the findings of Armstrong et al (1981), Swaine and Reilly (1983) and Gergley et al (1984). This may be explained by the smaller muscle mass involved and the prone body position during ATB tests (Holmér and Å strand 1972;Holmér et al 1974a;Pendergast et al 1979).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…Sports and recreational activities always include steady states and transitory states, but few data are available concerning the _ V O 2 versus f c relationship during transitory states or the influence of variability among individuals and sporting activities. Numerous studies (McArdle et al 1971;Vokac et al 1975;Gergley et al 1984;Nagle et al 1984;Maas et al 1989) have shown that the _ V O 2 versus f c relationship was modified when using different muscle masses (lower limbs, upper limbs) and/or by the body position (prone, sitting or standing). It has been reported that the relationship between the percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (% _ V O 2max ) and the percentage of maximal heart rate (%f cmax ) is slightly changed by these factors (Skinner and Jankowski 1974;Londeree and Ames 1976;Yamaji et al 1978;Franklin et al 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Relationships between oxygen consumption and heart rate in transitory and steady states of exercise and during recovery: influence of type of exercise

Berthet

Gavarry

Bermon

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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Relationships between percentage of maximal oxygen consumption (%VO2max) and percentage of maximal heart rate reserve (%f(cr)) were compared during steady states of exercise (S), transitory states of exercise (T) and a 5-min recovery period (R). Male adults [mean age 27 (SD 10) years] were studied exercising on a treadmill (TR, n = 26), cycle ergometer (CE, n = 14) and arm traction bench (ATB, n = 14). The exercise intensity was adjusted according to the subjects in order to reach exhaustion in 4-5 steps of 2 min (ATB) or 3 min (TR, CE). The 1st min of each stage was considered as T and the last minute of each stage as S. The oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (f(c)) were recorded simultaneously. Significant correlations were observed for each type of exercise and for each state between %f(cr) and %VO2max (r range 0.87-1.00). During T and R, the %VO2max versus %f(cr) relationships were laterally shifted, suggesting a resetting of f(c) control mechanisms. In S, the intercept was greater than in T and R; in T, the slope was greater than in S and R. The VO2 could be predicted from individual %VO2max versus %f(cr) relationships during T and R as is usually done in S using specific equations. Taking into consideration the average relationships established on the three ergometers, the standard error of the predicted VO2 during S and T reached 10%-20% and 22%-38% in R. During exercise, the higher the intensity the better was the prediction of VO2 from f(c) (r range 0.46-0.60, P < 0.001). Therefore except at high exercise intensities, it was found that individual relationships had to be used to obtain an accurate estimation of VO2.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Relationships between oxygen consumption and heart rate in transitory and steady states of exercise and during recovery: influence of type of exercise

Berthet

Gavarry

Bermon

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Studies in adults have shown that when the training program and the testing procedure used the same mode of exercise, peakVO2 improvement was found much higher than when different modes of exercise were achieved. [77][78][79] Two studies tested children on a cycle ergometer while they were trained in running [67,52] and three studies tested children on a treadmill while they were trained on a cycle ergometer. [61,62,66] In studies presenting no consistency between training and testing, only Gilliam and Freedson [52] and…”

Section: Consistency Between Training and Testing Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endurance Training and Aerobic Fitness in Young People

2003

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Training-induced adaptations in aerobic fitness have been extensively studied in adults, and some exercise scientists have recommended similar training programmes for young people. However, the subject of the response to aerobic training of children and adolescents is controversial. The effects of exercise training on prepubertal children are particularly debatable. The latter may be partly explained by different training designs, which make comparisons between studies very problematic. We have analysed the procedures applied to protocol design and training methods to highlight the real impact of aerobic training on the peak oxygen uptake (V-dotO2) of healthy children and adolescents. In accordance with previously published reviews on trainability in youngsters, research papers were rejected from the final analysis according to criteria such as the lack of a control group, an unclear training protocol, inappropriate statistical procedures, small sample size, studies with trained or special populations, or with no peak V-dotO2 data. Factors such as maturity, group constitution, consistency between training and testing procedures, drop out rates, or attendance were considered, and possible associations with changes in peak V-dotO2 with training are discussed. From 51 studies reviewed, 22 were finally retained. In most of the studies, there was a considerable lack of research regarding circumpubertal individuals in general, and particularly in girls. The results suggest that methodologically listed parameters will exert a potential influence on the magnitude of peak V-dotO2 improvement. Even if little difference is reported for each parameter, it is suggested that the sum of errors will result in a significant bias in the assessment of training effects. The characteristics of each training protocol were also analysed to establish their respective potential influence on peak V-dotO2 changes. In general, aerobic training leads to a mean improvement of 5-6% in the peak V-dotO2 of children or adolescents. When only studies that reported significant training effect were taken into account, the mean improvement in peak V-dotO2 rose to 8-10%. Results suggested that intensities higher than 80% of maximal heart rate are necessary to expect a significant improvement in peak V-dotO2. There is clearly a need for longitudinal or cross-sectional studies that investigate the relationship between maturity and training with carefully monitored programmes. Further research is also needed to compare interval training and continuous training.

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“…The slightly higher increase in maximal V O 2 during the RS test observed from Beg to End (+ 23.7 ± 10.4 %) may have been due to the high amount of training performed, including high-intensity interval training [32], to the specific training of the upper-body [16] and/ or to seasonal variations as previously reported in such athletes [19].…”

Section: Maximal Physiological Parametersmentioning

confidence: 59%

Laboratory Running Test vs. Field Roller Skiing Test in Cross-Country Skiers: A Longitudinal Study

Vergès¹,

Flore²,

Laplaud³

et al. 2006

Int J Sports Med

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Laboratory treadmill running tests are commonly used to assess the effect of training programs and to prescribe training intensity for cross-country skiers. The present study compared the physiological parameters during a treadmill running (R) test and a field roller skiing (RS) test both at the beginning (Beg) and at the end (End) of a 6-month specific training program in seven competitive cross-country skiers. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and blood lactate concentration ([La]) were assessed for exercise intensity corresponding to 70%, 80%, 90% of maximal heart rate (HRmax) and to HRmax.VO2 was lower for the RS test compared to the R test at any HR levels at Beg only (p<0.05). Maximal VO2 increased from Beg to End for the RS test only (+23.7+/-10.4; p<0.05). [La] was lower for the R test compared to the RS test during both testing periods at 90% HRmax (p<0.05), and no significant modification in [La] from Beg to End at any HR levels was observed (p>0.05). The [La]/V.O2 curve shifted toward the right from Beg to End to a greater extent for the RS test compared to the R test. The present study emphasised the importance of exercise specificity in order to assess the effect of specific training program in competitive cross-country skiers.

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Specificity of Arm Training on Aerobic Power During Swimming and Running

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

Relationships between oxygen consumption and heart rate in transitory and steady states of exercise and during recovery: influence of type of exercise

Relationships between oxygen consumption and heart rate in transitory and steady states of exercise and during recovery: influence of type of exercise

Endurance Training and Aerobic Fitness in Young People

Laboratory Running Test vs. Field Roller Skiing Test in Cross-Country Skiers: A Longitudinal Study

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