also showed that gonorrhoea represented 4.1% of new sexually transmitted infection (STI) cases from 2013 to 2015. 2 The management and control of gonorrhoea has been complicated by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. 3,4 In the 1930s, sulphonamides were the first effective antibiotics for gonorrhoea, but resistance developed within the decade. In the 1940s, penicillin became the drug of choice for gonorrhoea. However, chromosomal-mediated resistance rapidly developed, resulting in a more than 100-fold increment in the penicillin dose required to cure gonorrhoea. In the 1970s, the emergence of penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) rendered penicillin ineffective. Similarly, the introduction of tetracycline, spectinomycin and fluoroquinolones to treat gonorrhoea was followed by widespread resistance, leading to their discontinuation as drugs of choice. 5,6 In the 1990s, third generation cephalosporins, ceftriaxone and cefixime, were introduced for gonorrhoea. In 2010, due to the decreasing susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae against these antimicrobials and frequent coinfection with chlamydia, a dual treatment regimen with an increased dose of cephalosporins and either doxycycline or azithromycin was recommended to curb the resistance to cephalosporins. [4][5][6][7] Nevertheless, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the constituents of this regimen gradually increased. In 2017-18, the WHO reported 0-21% gonococci isolates with reduced susceptibility (RS) to ceftriaxone, 0-22% with RS to cefixime and 0-60% with resistance to azithromycin worldwide. 3 In 2019, there were 97.1% gonococci isolates resistant to tetracycline but none with RS to ceftriaxone in Jakarta, Indonesia. 8 In 2021, the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Program reported 0.9% gonococci isolates with RS, one isolate with resistance to ceftriaxone