“…Therefore, various spectrally selective emitters with different structures have been studied, 10 including blazed gratings 11–13 or fishnet gratings, 14 micro-cavities, 15 2D 16–18 or 3D photonic crystals, 19 and metamaterials. 20–25 Actually, according to Wien's displacement law, the surface temperature of thermal emitters in STPV systems is generally over 1000 K, 20 so practical thermal emitters are generally constructed of refractory materials, 26 such as titanium nitride (TiN), 27–31 nickel (Ni), 32,33 titanium (Ti), 34,35 chromium (Cr), 36,37 tungsten (W), 2,23,38–42 tantalum (Ta), 16,43 and Mo. 44,45 For example, S. L. Wu et al 29 demonstrated a TiN-based metasurface selective absorber fabricated through continuously variable spatial frequency photolithography, and a calculated average absorption of 87% from 250 nm to 2300 nm and 29% in the wavelength range of 5 μm–13 μm was achieved.…”