Spectral synthesis of switching distortion in automotive drive inverters

Goetz, Stefan; Korte, Christian

doi:10.1109/epe.2016.7695632

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Various approaches have been implemented or proposed to increase the flexibility of pulse shaping by relatively rapid switching of the coil during the pulse. Some used conventional voltage-source inverter circuits with bridge configurations of transistors, typically IGBTs [121], which are known for example from motor inverters of electric vehicles [122,123]. The bridge circuit switches the voltage of the coil rapidly between a small number of voltages (typically positive supply, negative supply, and zero voltage) to generate an approximation of a reference current shape.…”

Section: Limitations For Generating Any User-defined Pulsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The amplitude of the distortion (and more so the power content) particularly of the voltage is only a fraction of the dominant frequency components of the pulse, and its spectral range is a consequence of the fast switching of the transistors and modulation. Phase-shifted carrier modulation generates relatively concentrated distortion whereas other methods, such as sigma-delta modulation or predictive spectral control, could spread out the distortion if required [123,[162][163][164]. B -E).…”

Section: Generation Of Novel and User-defined Pulsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Tech-nology with Freely Adjustable Pulse Shape and Sequence

Li¹,

Zhang²,

Peterchev³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The temporal shape of a pulse in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) influences which neuron populations are activated preferentially as well as the strength and even direction of neuromodulation effects. Furthermore, various pulse shapes differ in their efﬁciency, coil heating, sensory perception, and clicking sound. However, the available TMS pulse shape repertoire is still very limited to a few biphasic, monophasic, and polyphasic pulses with sinusoidal or near-rectangular shapes. Monophasic pulses, though found to be more selective and stronger in neuromodulation, are generated inefﬁciently and therefore only available in simple low-frequency repetitive protocols. Despite a strong interest to exploit the temporal effects of TMS pulse shapes and pulse sequences, waveform control is relatively inflexible and only possible parametrically within certain limits. Previously proposed approaches for flexible pulse shape control, such as through power electronic inverters, have signiﬁcant limitations: The semiconductor switches can fail under the immense electrical stress associated with free pulse shaping, and most conventional power inverter topologies are incapable of generating smooth electric ﬁelds or existing pulse shapes. Leveraging intensive preliminary work on modular power electronics, we present a modular pulse synthesizer (MPS) technology that can, for the ﬁrst time, flexibly generate high-power TMS pulses (one-side peak ~ 4,000 V, ~ 8,000 A) with user-deﬁned electric ﬁeld shape as well as rapid sequences of pulses with high output quality. The circuit topology breaks the problem of simultaneous high power and switching speed into smaller, manageable portions, distributed across several identical modules. In consequence, MPS TMS can use semiconductor devices with voltage and current ratings lower than the overall pulse voltage and distribute the overall switching of several hundred kilohertz among multiple transistors. MPS TMS can synthesize practically any pulse shape, including conventional ones, with ﬁne quantization of the induced electric ﬁeld (≤ 17% granularity without modulation and ~300 kHz bandwidth). Moreover, the technology allows optional symmetric differential coil driving so that the average electric potential of the coil, in contrast to conventional TMS devices, stays constant to prevent capacitive artifacts in sensitive recording ampliﬁers, such as electroencephalography (EEG). MPS TMS can enable the optimization of stimulation paradigms for more sophisticated probing of brain function as well as stronger and more selective neuromodulation, further expanding the parameter space available to users.

show abstract

Section: Limitations For Generating Any User-defined Pulsementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Generation Of Novel and User-defined Pulsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Tech-nology with Freely Adjustable Pulse Shape and Sequence

Li¹,

Zhang²,

Peterchev³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Various approaches have been implemented or proposed to increase the flexibility of pulse shaping by relatively rapid switching of the coil during the pulse. Some used conventional voltage-source inverter circuits with bridge configurations of transistors, typically IGBTs [99,118], which are known for example from motor inverters of electric vehicles [119,120]. The bridge circuit switches the voltage of the coil rapidly between a small number of voltages (typically positive supply, negative supply, and zero voltage) to generate an approximation of a reference current shape.…”

Section: Limitations For Generating Any User-defined Pulsementioning

confidence: 99%

Modular pulse synthesizer for transcranial magnetic stimulation with fully adjustable pulse shape and sequence

Zhang

Peterchev

et al. 2022

J. Neural Eng.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The temporal shape of a pulse in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) influences which neuron populations are activated preferentially as well as the strength and even direction of neuromodulation effects. Furthermore, various pulse shapes differ in their efﬁciency, coil heating, sensory perception, and clicking sound. However, the available TMS pulse shape repertoire is still very limited to a few biphasic, monophasic, and polyphasic pulses with sinusoidal or near-rectangular shapes. Monophasic pulses, though found to be more selective and stronger in neuromodulation, are generated inefﬁciently and therefore only available in simple low-frequency repetitive protocols. Despite a strong interest to exploit the temporal effects of TMS pulse shapes and pulse sequences, waveform control is relatively inflexible and only possible parametrically within certain limits. Previously proposed approaches for flexible pulse shape control, such as through power electronic inverters, have signiﬁcant limitations: Existing semiconductor switches can fail under the immense electrical stress associated with free pulse shaping, and most conventional power inverter topologies are incapable of generating smooth electric ﬁelds or existing pulse shapes. Leveraging intensive preliminary work on modular power electronics, we present a modular pulse synthesizer (MPS) technology that can, for the ﬁrst time, flexibly generate high-power TMS pulses (~ 4,000 V, ~ 8,000 A) with user-deﬁned electric ﬁeld shape as well as rapid sequences of pulses with high output quality. The circuit topology breaks the problem of simultaneous high power and switching speed into smaller, manageable portions, distributed across several identical modules. In consequence, MPS TMS can use semiconductor devices with voltage and current ratings lower than the overall pulse voltage and distribute the overall switching of several hundred kilohertz among multiple transistors. MPS TMS can synthesize practically any pulse shape, including conventional ones, with ﬁne quantization of the induced electric ﬁeld. Moreover, the technology allows optional symmetric differential coil driving so that the average electric potential of the coil, in contrast to conventional TMS devices, stays constant to prevent capacitive artifacts in sensitive recording ampliﬁers, such as electroencephalography (EEG). MPS TMS can enable the optimization of stimulation paradigms for more sophisticated probing of brain function as well as stronger and more selective neuromodulation, further expanding the parameter space available to users.

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“…In this contribution, we analyze in detail and extend previously proposed predictive spectral control strategies that control the EMI of a DC-DC converter according to a predefined spectrum by altering the spectrum of the transistor switching signals [35]- [38]. This contribution enables and studies prediction horizons of the spectral control scheme up to eight steps into the future.…”

Section: Output Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Line Multistep Predictive Spectral Control of the Distortion in Switched-Mode Converters

Korte¹,

Luetje

Tashakor

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

Self Cite

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In automotive power electronics, distortion and electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by the switching action of power semiconductors can be a significant challenge for the design of a compact, lightweight vehicle. As semiconductor switching frequencies increase, e.g., through the introduction of new materials, such as gallium nitride and silicon carbide, this problem becomes more severe. We present a control scheme for an automotive dc-to-dc converter that reduces the EMI generated by shaping switching distortion predictively at the run time. The multistep model-predictive control scheme chooses the subsequent switching state that optimizes the output spectrum according to predefined criteria. To achieve real-time operation, it evaluates the possible switching state candidates for the next modulation step without explicitly solving a single Fourier transform. In addition, the switching rate and voltage ripple are controlled in a single unified control law. We present and experimentally validate that the control scheme can indeed run at real time already with currently available mid-range hardware. The results demonstrate that the largest spectral peak of the switching distortion can be decreased by 48 dB compared to conventional pulse-width modulation. Furthermore, spectral gaps can be implemented in the output distortion and altered in realtime, allowing certain frequency bands-e.g., bands used by other sensitive electronics such as sensors, communication busses, or tuners-to be kept free of EMI from the converter's switching actions.

show abstract

Spectral synthesis of switching distortion in automotive drive inverters

Cited by 8 publications

References 39 publications

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Tech-nology with Freely Adjustable Pulse Shape and Sequence

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Tech-nology with Freely Adjustable Pulse Shape and Sequence

Modular pulse synthesizer for transcranial magnetic stimulation with fully adjustable pulse shape and sequence

On-Line Multistep Predictive Spectral Control of the Distortion in Switched-Mode Converters

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