Spectrophotometric Determination of Zidovudine in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Reddy, J. Sudhakar; Ahmed, Md Sultan; Chakravarthy, I. E.; Prabhavathi, K.

doi:10.1155/2012/757916

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The capillary electrophoresis method was more used for quantification (ng mL -1 ) in biological fluids (Müller and Blaschke, 2000;Oliveira and Bonato, 2007) while spectrophotometric methods were more used for pharmaceutical samples (μg mL -1 ) (Reddy et al, 2004;Nelson et al, 2010). The Elisa method has been considered both for the determination and quantification (ng mL -1 ) of drugs in biological systems (using antibodies) and also in pharmaceutical formulations (Khalil, et al, 2011;Shenton et al, 1988).…”

Section: Contamination Of Water By Aminoquinolines and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the environment and aquatic organisms: a review

Ferreira

Carvalho

2023

Rev. ambiente água

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Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are aminoquinolines used in the treatment of endemic diseases in Latin America such as malaria and non-endemic with wide prevalence such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus. Described as persistent, bioaccumulative, and dangerous for aquatic biota, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are considered emerging pollutants intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic, occurring in low concentrations that are not totally removed in wastewater treatment plants and are not covered by legislation. This article presents a theoretical approach based on literature review following a semi-systematic methodology covering detection strategies of the chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine drugs in effluent and receiving water bodies; estimates of environmental concentrations during the pandemic; methods that use degradation and removal of compounds from water; and toxic effects on aquatic biota. Concentrations previously detected and estimated in the aquatic environment can lead to significant changes in animal physiology analyzed from biomarker changes, behavior and mortality in studies with native and non-native species. Studies are necessary to reproduce and understand possible environmental scenarios adopting the indiscriminate use of drugs to serve as standards for environmentally safe concentrations when there is no specific legislation. Keywords: COVID-19, emerging pollutants, toxicity.

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Section: Contamination Of Water By Aminoquinolines and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the environment and aquatic organisms: a review

Ferreira

Carvalho

2023

Rev. ambiente água

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“…In acidic solution, manganese(VII) is reduced to manganese(II), whereas in basic medium, it gets reduced to manganese(VI) as shown below: The innate intense purple color of permanganate solution which absorbs in the vicinity of 550 nm and the bluish-green color of manganite ion 48 with a λmax at 610 nm, the reduced form of permanganate in alkaline medium have been exploited for the spectrophotometric determination of many pharmaceutical compounds. [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] In spite of its extensive application in pharmaceutical analysis, permanganate, as per the literature, has not been used for the determination of PGH. In this work, permanganate was used as an oxidimetric agent for developing two spectrophotometric methods.…”

Section: Fig 1 Structure Of Pghmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrophotometric assay of pioglitazone hydrochloride using permanganate in acidic and basic media

Basavaiah¹,

Rajendraprasad²

2018

10.5267/j.ccl

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Pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGH) is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Potassium permanganate was found to oxidize PGH both in acidic and basic conditions, based on which two simple and sensitive methods were developed for its determination in bulk sample and tablets, and validated. In the first method (indirect method), PGH was reacted with a measured excess of standard permanganate in H2SO4 medium, and the residual oxidant was determined by measuring its absorbance at 550 nm. The second method (Direct method) entails treating PGH with permanganate in NaOH medium, followed by the measurement of the resulting bluish-green manganite at 610 nm. Experimental variables affecting the reactions were studied and optimized. Under optimum conditions, linear relationships with good correlation coefficients were found between absorbance and concentration in the ranges, 1.25 -25 µg mL -1 (Indirect method) and 1-12 µg mL -1 (Direct method) with respective molar absorptivity values of 1.10 × 10 4 and 2.77 × 10 4 l mol -1 cm -1 . The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.36 and 1.08 (Indirect method) and 0.23 and 0.69 µg mL -1 (Direct method). Intra-day and inter-day precisions were satisfactory, with %RSD values of ≤2.11, and the respective accuracies were excellent with %RE values of ≤2. The methods were also validated for robustness, ruggedness and selectivity. The methods were applied to the determination of PGH in its tablets with good accuracy and precision, and no interference from the tablet additives was encountered. The results were also compared with those obtained by a reference method.

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“…When sexual stimulation causes local release of NO, inhibition of PDE5 by sildenafil, causes increased levels of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum, resulting in smooth muscle relaxation and inflow blood to the corpus cavernosum (Kim et al, 1991;Bush et al, 1992). Few reports have been described for the determination of sildenafil citrate, these include Uv spectrophotometry (Ashok et al, 2010) extractive spectrophotometry based on the formation of ion-pair of sildenafil with bromocresol purple, and brilliant blue (Harikrishna et al, 2008), orange Π and eriochrome black-T (Reddy et al, 2002) bromo-cresol green and chromoxane cyanine R (Dinesh et al, 2002). Spectrophotometric method based either on the formation of yellow chromogen with sodium nitropruside and hydroxylamine or formation of violet colored chromogen with metol and iodine (Rao et al, 2003), sildenafil citrate also determined spectrophotometrically using p-chloranil and accelerated by hydrogen peroxide (Weinert et al, 2008), flow injection analysis (Altiokk et al, 2001), resonance ray lightscattering method (Liu et al, 2006), electro chemistry.…”

Section: ‫ــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ mentioning

confidence: 99%

High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Industrial Effluent Sample

Ahmed¹,

Lottfi²

2013

RJS

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A simple, precise, rapid and accurate reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of sildenafil citrate in a pure form, pharmaceutical formulations and industrial effluent samples. Chromatography was carried out on supelco L 7 reversed-phase column (25cm × 4.6mm), 5 microns, using a mixture of methanol: water: triethylamine (630: 370 :2 v/v/v) and adjusted to pH 4.0 with dilute phosphoric acid as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml.min-1 .Uv detection was performed at 220 nm at ambient temperature (25 °C). The retention time for sildenafil citrate found to be 4.6 minutes. The calibration curve was linear (r= 0.9998) over a concentration range from 10 to 70 µg/ml. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 60 ng/ml and 180 ng/ml respectively. The method was validated for its linearity, precision and accuracy. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of sildenafil citrate in tablets and industrial effluent samples.

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Spectrophotometric Determination of Zidovudine in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the environment and aquatic organisms: a review

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the environment and aquatic organisms: a review

Spectrophotometric assay of pioglitazone hydrochloride using permanganate in acidic and basic media

High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Industrial Effluent Sample

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