Spectroscopic analysis of carbonization behavior of wood, cellulose and lignin

Ishimaru, Kengo; Hata, Toshimitsu; Bronsveld, P.M.; Meier, Dietrich; Imamura, Yuji

doi:10.1007/s10853-006-1042-3

Cited by 120 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…At temperatures higher than 3008C, the fast decrease of the H/C and the O/C ratios slowed down. Our data for lower temperatures complement the values for temperatures higher than 6008C previously published by Ishimaru et al (2007a).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Ultrastructural development of the softwood cell wall during pyrolysis

Zollfrank

Fromm

2008

HFSG

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The pyrolytic conversion of pine wood at mild temperatures between 2008C and 3008C was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on TEM imaging and image analysis, a novel method was developed for determining the local orientation of the cellulose microfibrils in the secondary wall S2 which gives a measure for the progression of pyrolytic conversion of the cell wall. Elemental composition of pyrolysed specimens was determined up to 6008C. TEM imaging together with the evaluation of the elemental composition shows that first the polyoses are degraded, while the cellulose microfibril orientation is still visible up to 2258C. The cellulose microfibrils could not be observed at temperatures higher than 2508C, while lignin containing compound middle lamella (CML) was still visible. After a gradual decrease of the CML up to 2758C, the cell wall became entirely isotropic beginning at 3008C. Based on the presented results, we propose an early degradation of the supramolecular structure of the cell wall.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Ultrastructural development of the softwood cell wall during pyrolysis

Zollfrank

Fromm

2008

HFSG

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“…I Defects [43,52,54] ; soot features, [33,51,56] like mixed sp 2 -sp 3 bonds or polyenic structures [45,47,58] ; char and coal tar [48] ; diamondlike carbon in anthracite [71] ; sp 3 carbons [59,72] ; nanocrystalline diamond or trans polyene ν 1 [57] ; defects related to oxygen rich precursors as wood [60,61] From 1050 with deep UV excitation [57] to 1127 [51] to 1275 [48] [23,33,45,47,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]71,72] Fullerenes Phototransformation/oxidation [38,73] 1459-1469 and 930-970 [38,73] Rhombohedral graphite B 2 2g [48] 1400 [48] ; [49] 1800 1400 1200 1000 800 1600…”

Section: D4mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[58] It is observed in extremely disordered materials, [43] as bitumens, [52] soots [51,33] and wood charcoal. [59,60,59] Care has to be taken to avoid spectral artefacts as a consequence of inappropriate band fitting. [57] To complete the overview of carbon bands, we also mention the one of diamond (1332 cm À1 , [57] ), those of fullerenes (1459-1469 and 930-970 cm…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectroscopy for the investigation of carbon‐based black pigments

Coccato

Jehlička

Moëns

et al. 2015

J Raman Spectroscopy

184

136

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a Raman spectroscopic studies of carbonaceous materials are, until now, mainly devoted to geological and industrial materials. On the other hand, it is known from artistic literature that many varieties of carbon-based black pigments were produced and used in different places and times, and according to the artist's preferences. The ability of Raman spectroscopy to analyse particles down to 1 μm and its non-destructiveness make it an ideal tool for pigments investigation. Anyway, the discrimination among different types of carbon-based black pigments is affected by various aspects, one of which is the lack of reference spectra as well as of specific nomenclature. In this paper, reference materials have been studied by means of Raman spectroscopy to provide reference spectra. All the pigments showed two broad bands of carbon, but sometimes specific excitation conditions were required to record a good quality Raman spectrum. The obtained Raman signatures are discussed, on the basis of the specificities of the pigment (natural or artificial origin; structural implications related to the raw materials used or to production processes; etc.). Therefore, on the basis of the Raman spectra of painting materials, further knowledge can be obtained on the type of carbon-based black pigments in works of art.

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“…half-height width) decreases with rising temperature indicating an increase of order in the carbon structure at higher temperature ( Table 4). The full width at half maximum intensity of the D-band was used as the major parameter to estimate the disorder degree of polyaromatic stacks [51]. Table 4 demonstrates that the half-height width (HHW) of the D-band decreases with rising carbonization temperature.…”

Section: Assessment Of Raman Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of non-graphitizing carbon fibers prepared from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) precursor fibers

Karacan

Erzurumluoğlu

2015

Fibers Polym

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The effect of carbonization temperature on the structure and properties of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)-based carbon fibers from commercially available Twaron ® (PPTA) presursor is reported. Turbostratic PPTA-based carbon fibers were produced using a single step procedure in an inert atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1100 o C. In the present study, fiber diameter, mass yield, density, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, tensile testing and electrical conductivity measurements were performed and evaluated to follow and monitor the properties and structural transformations of carbon fibers with rising temperature. The increase of heat-treatment temperature to 1100 o C decreased the interlayer d-spacing (d 0 0 2 ) and increased the in-plane size (L a ) and thickness (L c ) of the graphene layers. The intensity ratios of D to G bands in the Raman spectra increased with rising temperature, suggesting, in agreement with the X-ray diffraction measurements, that the in-plane size (L a ) of the graphene planes increased with temperature. The density, carbon content, C/H ratio, apparent crystallite size (L a and L c ), electrical conductivity and tensile properties of the resultant carbon fibers were enhanced with rising temperature. It has been shown that the gage length of the carbon fibers tested has a significant effect on the tensile strength obtained. After taking into account the effects of gage length and porosity dependence, the carbonization of PPTA precursor fibers prepared at 1100 o C gave a tensile strength of 191 MPa and a tensile modulus of 83 GPa, respectively.

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Spectroscopic analysis of carbonization behavior of wood, cellulose and lignin

Cited by 120 publications

References 37 publications

Ultrastructural development of the softwood cell wall during pyrolysis

Ultrastructural development of the softwood cell wall during pyrolysis

Raman spectroscopy for the investigation of carbon‐based black pigments

Formation of non-graphitizing carbon fibers prepared from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) precursor fibers

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