Spectroscopic analysis of corrosion products in a bronze cauldron from the Late Iberian Iron Age

Cosano, Daniel; Esquivel, Dolores; Mateos, Laura D.; Quesada, Fernando; Jiménez‐Sanchidrián, César; Ruíz, José Rafael

doi:10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.072

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The Mg/Al ratio of solids was measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy (Rigaku ZSK PrimusIV wavelength X-ray spectrometer (Rigaku, The Woodlands, TX, USA). Further details are given elsewhere [30].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aldol Condensation of Furfural with Acetone Over Mg/Al Mixed Oxides. Influence of Water and Synthesis Method

et al. 2019

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Aldol condensation of furfural and acetone (an important initial step to obtain diesel from biomass) was studied over MgAl mixed oxides. The influence of the utilization of microwaves and/or a surfactant (Pluronic 123) during the synthesis as well as the use of water (either pre-hydrating the solids before catalytic studies or in water/toluene mixtures as the reaction medium) is discussed. The combined use of Pluronic 123 and microwaves led to solids with bigger pore sizes, exhibiting lower basicity and higher acidity than the conventional synthetic method, thus resulting in an increase in the yield of the desired product of condensation, comprising two molecules of furfural and one of acetone (F2Ac). As for the influence of water, re-hydration of the mixed oxides was detrimental to activity, probably as a result of the partial blocking (solvation) of active sites. On the contrary, the increase in water percentage in the reaction medium resulted in higher conversions, though selectivity to F2Ac decreased. The weakening of the C=O bond of furfural in the presence of water as well as the higher solubility of the first condensation product (FAc) in toluene, as compared to water, could account for that. A 44.5% yield of F2Ac (66% conversion) after 16 h was obtained with the most active solid, which maintained the activity for three consecutive reactions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aldol Condensation of Furfural with Acetone Over Mg/Al Mixed Oxides. Influence of Water and Synthesis Method

et al. 2019

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“…Some studies reported the limits of conventional methods such as XRD and FTIR in detecting tin corrosion products, due to their poor crystallinity or amorphous nature 1,45,46 . Contrarily, several tin corrosion products were detected in archeological objects using XRD, 3,21,45,47–49 Raman spectroscopy,45, 47, 50, 51 and FTIR 42. Moreover, Sn‐rich corrosion phases were present as non‐crystalline constituents in Sn alloys 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies reported the limits of conventional methods such as XRD and FTIR in detecting tin corrosion products, due to their poor crystallinity or amorphous nature. 1,45,46 Contrarily, several tin corrosion products were detected in archeological objects using XRD, 3,21,45,[47][48][49] Raman spectroscopy,45, 47, 50, 51 and FTIR.42 Moreover, Sn-rich corrosion phases were present as non-crystalline constituents in Sn alloys.1 Additionally, X-ray micro-diffraction detected tin corrosion products in the greenish-white phase of the four cross-sections (S4-S7). Small spots on the cross-sections were analyzed by μXRD because a very narrow beam was used for the highly localized X-ray diffraction corresponded to SnO 2 (cassiterite).…”

Section: Mineral Composition Of the Greenish-white Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a heavily corroded bronze statue from Pharaonic Egypt

Salem

2022

Surface & Interface Analysis

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The current study aims to characterize a heavily corroded bronze statue from Pharaonic Egypt, in terms of the morphology and mechanism of corrosion. The characterization was carried out by a combination of methods, including the scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), USB digital microscope, X‐ray micro‐diffraction, and Raman micro‐spectroscopy. Insights into the morphology and corrosion mechanisms of two corrosion stages are presented. Specifically, the metallic‐wall layer was first converted into grayish‐brown corrosion mottled with green and gray spots in the central part, in which a greenish‐white corrosion phase was formed in the second stage. The EDS analysis of the greenish‐white phase revealed the predominance of tin, copper, oxygen, and carbon and a low chlorine content. The greenish‐white phase consisted of four corrosion products: romarchite, cassiterite, malachite, and a small amount of atacamite. The morphology developed upon corrosion was attributed to the selective dissolution and depletion of copper in the central layer, internal oxidation of tin, and conversion of cuprite into malachite. Moreover, the usual bronze corrosion products were formed as a superficial layer on the statue.

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“…Figure 7 shows Raman patterns of atacamite and its micrograph in the under-surface corrosion layer of the chisel I. Also, it shows Raman pattern of malachite corrosion and its micrograph in the internal corrosion layer through the metallic structure of the chisel E. Malachite shows a very intensive strong band at the wavenumber 271 cm −1 which is represented its finger print, in addition its actualization in other secondary bands at the wavenumbers 144, 340, 545, 811 and 1052 cm −1 (Zhang et al 2014;Inberg et al 2018, Łukasz Ciupiński, 2010, Frost R L. 2002Daniel Cosano 2018). While, atacamite exhibits strong Raman bands at wavenumbers 511, 3460, 3320 cm -1, in addition its actualization at the wavenumbers 820, 890 and 985 cm −1 (Frost et al 2002;Frost 2003;Bertolotti 2012;Ropret 2012;Schindelholz 2018).…”

Section: -Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Gracias al análisis visual y al análisis mediante microscopía óptica realizado se ha comprobado, además, que el último estrato de mortero, el enlucido, ha sido espatulado. Los materiales y la técnica de ejecución caracterizados en estos revestimientos repiten, por lo tanto, los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de otros revestimientos murales de la misma época (López Martínez et al 2016;Mateos et al 2018;Calabria Salvador, Zalbidea Muñoz 2019;Ergenç y Fort 2019;Cerrato et al 2020).…”

Section: Conclusionesunclassified

Ge-conservación Nº19

Revista¹

2021

GEC

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Spectroscopic analysis of corrosion products in a bronze cauldron from the Late Iberian Iron Age

Cited by 17 publications

References 29 publications

Aldol Condensation of Furfural with Acetone Over Mg/Al Mixed Oxides. Influence of Water and Synthesis Method

Aldol Condensation of Furfural with Acetone Over Mg/Al Mixed Oxides. Influence of Water and Synthesis Method

Characterization of a heavily corroded bronze statue from Pharaonic Egypt

Ge-conservación Nº19

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