Spectroscopic and microscopic investigation of the corrosion of D-9 stainless steel by lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) at elevated temperatures. Initiation of thick oxide formation

Environmental degradation of structural materials in liquid lead- and lead-bismuth eutectic-cooled reactors

“…As pointed out by Yamaki et al [178], the solubility of Mn in liquid LBE is very high (2.3 wt% at 500 • C), making it comparable to the solubility of Ni (2.7 wt% at 500 • C). Interestingly, Johnson et al [242] reported that the concentration of Mn tended to increase at the GBs of D9 steels during exposure to liquid LBE (C O ≈ 3-5 × 10 − 6 wt%, v ≈ 1.9 m/s) at 550 • C for 1000-3000 h. Combining this information with the fact that dissolution corrosion in 316/316L AuSS starts invariably by the HLM penetration into the steel GBs (where Cr also tends to segregate), one may assume that Mn facilitates the onset of dissolution corrosion; of course, this hypothesis must be further confirmed experimentally. Another contribution of Mn to the susceptibility of 316L/316L AuSS to dissolution corrosion, possibly in terms of dissolution 'pitting', is via the formation of MnS precipitates, as suggested by Schroer et al [115].…”

Corrosion–erosion test of SS316L grain boundary engineering material (GBEM) in lead bismuth flowing loop

“…As a coolant and target material, lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) has been selected, and LBE technology has been developed in many countries. In particular, corrosion tests under flowing conditions have been performed extensively [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In JAEA, to evaluate the feasibility of structural materials and to become proficient in the techniques of handling LBE, the JAEA lead-bismuth material corrosion loop (JLBL-1) was made in 2001.…”