Spectroscopic Identification of Tremor Phenomena over Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

Singer, Julian M.; Barzandji, O.H.M.; Leu, W.; Rode, E.D.; Akrawi, Karim; Linthorst, Steef J.; Dangel, S.

doi:10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.5.h046

Cited by 5 publications

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“…In more recent times it has been suggested that microtremor measurements can be used to determine the location, depth and thickness of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Anomalously high spectral amplitudes of microtremor signals in the 1-6 Hz frequency range, with a peak around 3 Hz, have been observed and reported over a number of hydrocarbon reservoirs, primarily in a gas field in Austria and several sites in the Middle East, including some oilfields in Abu Dhabi (Singer et al 2002;Dangel et al 2003;Holzner et al 2005aHolzner et al ,b, 2006aHolzner et al ,b,c, 2007aFrehner et al 2006Frehner et al , 2007Rached 2006Rached , 2009Lambert et al 2007Lambert et al , 2009aSteiner, Saenger and Schmalholz 2007;Saenger et al 2007bSaenger et al , 2009avan Mastrigt and Al-Dulaijan 2008;Nguyen et al 2008Nguyen et al , 2009Goertz et al 2009;Saenger, Torres and Artman 2009c). These studies have claimed that a strong correlation exists between microtremor spectral anomalies and the presence of hydrocarbons over several established oilfields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Low‐frequency passive seismic experiments in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: implications for hydrocarbon detection

Ali

Berteussen

Small

et al. 2010

Geophysical Prospecting

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Low‐frequency passive seismic experiments utilizing arrays of 3‐component broadband seismometers were conducted over two sites in the emirate of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. The experiments were conducted in the vicinity of a producing oilfield and around a dry exploration well to better understand the characteristics and origins of microtremor signals (1–6 Hz), which had been reported as occurring exclusively above several hydrocarbon reservoirs in the region. The results of the experiments revealed that a strong correlation exists between the recorded ambient noise and observed meteorological and anthropogenic noises. In the frequency range of 0.15–0.4 Hz, the dominant feature is a double‐frequency microseism peak generated by the non‐linear interactions of storm induced surface waves in the Arabian Sea. We observed that the double‐frequency microseism displays a high variability in spectral amplitude, with the strongest amplitude occurring when Cyclone Gonu was battering the eastern coast of Oman; this noise was present at both sites and so is not a hydrocarbon indicator. Moreover, this study found that very strong microtremor signals in the frequency range of 2–3 Hz were present in all of the locations surveyed, both within and outside of the reservoir boundary and surrounding the dry exploration well. This microtremor signal has no clear correlation with the microseism signals but significant variations in the characteristics of the signals were observed between daytime and nighttime recording periods that clearly correlate with human activity. High‐resolution frequency‐wavenumber (f‐k) spectral analyses were performed on the recorded data to determine apparent velocities and azimuths of the wavefronts for the microseism and microtremor events. The f‐k analyses confirmed that the double‐frequency microseism originates from wave activity in the Arabian Sea, while the microtremor events have an azimuth pointing towards the nearest motorways, indicating that they are probably being excited by traffic noise. Results drawn from particle motion studies confirm these observations. The vertical‐to‐horizontal spectral ratios of the data acquired in both experiments show peaks around 2.5–3 Hz with no dependence on the presence or absence of subsurface hydrocarbons. Therefore, this method should not be used as a direct hydrocarbon indicator in these environments. Furthermore, the analyses provide no direct evidence to indicate that earthquakes are capable of stimulating the hydrocarbon reservoir in a way that could modify the spectral amplitude of the microtremor signal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Low‐frequency passive seismic experiments in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: implications for hydrocarbon detection

Ali

Berteussen

Small

et al. 2010

Geophysical Prospecting

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“…More recently, microtremor measurements have been proposed as a tool in the study and detection of hydrocarbon reservoirs. High spectral amplitude anomalies of microtremor signals in the 1-6 Hz frequency range, with a peak around 3 Hz, have been reported over a number of hydrocarbon reservoirs and named 'hydrocarbon microtremors' (HMs) (Singer et al 2002, Dangel et al 2003, Holzner et al, 2005a, 2005b, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c, 2007a, 2007b, Frehner et al 2006, 2007, Rached 2006, 2009, Lambert et al 2007, 2009b, Steiner et al 2007, 2008a, Graf et al 2007, Kaya et al 2007, Saenger et al 2007b, van Mastrigt and Al-Dulaijan 2008, Nguyen et al 2008, 2009, Goertz et al 2009, 2009b, 2009c. Table 1 shows a list of reservoirs where the existence of this type of anomaly has been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency–amplitude range of hydrocarbon microtremors and a discussion on their source

et al. 2012

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Recently, some studies have suggested using ambient noise as a tool for hydrocarbon reservoir investigation. This new passive seismic technique, named HyMas, is based on the positive energy anomaly in data spectra between 1 to 6 Hz for microtremor measurements over reservoirs, which are called hydrocarbon microtremors. Despite the acceptable results obtained by the HyMas technique, there are many unknowns, especially concerning the source and generation mechanism of hydrocarbon microtremors and the relations between reservoir characteristics and the attributes of hydrocarbon microtremors. In this study we tried to find the relations between reservoir characteristics, including fluid content and depth, for 12 sites around the world with hydrocarbon microtremor attributes, including peak amplitude and frequency. Based on the power spectral density curves of these 12 reservoirs, a frequency-amplitude range is also proposed as a criterion for separating hydrocarbon microtremors from local noise not related to reservoirs. Finally, the source of the hydrocarbon microtremors is discussed and tidal displacement is suggested as a probable agent for the generation of these anomalies.

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