Spectroscopic Methods Used in Implant Material Studies

Abstract

It is recognized that interactions between most materials are governed by their surface properties and manifest themselves at the interface formed between them. To gain more insight into this thin layer, several methods have been deployed. Among them, spectroscopic methods have been thoroughly evaluated. Due to their exceptional sensitivity, data acquisition speed, and broad material tolerance they have been proven to be invaluable tools for surface analysis, used by scientists in many fields, for example, implant studies. Today, in modern medicine the use of implants is considered standard practice. The past two decades of constant development has established the importance of implants in dentistry, orthopedics, as well as extended their applications to other areas such as aesthetic medicine. Fundamental to the success of implants is the knowledge of the biological processes involved in interactions between an implant and its host tissue, which are directly connected to the type of implant material and its surface properties. This review aims to demonstrate the broad applications of spectroscopic methods in implant material studies, particularly discussing hard implants, surface composition studies, and surface–cell interactions.

XANES spectroscopy for the clinician

“…Figure 18 shows a typical XPS spectrum in which it is possible to identify all the elements at the very top surface of the sample (see [208] for detection limits). Figure 19 shows that each oxidation state of Ti corresponds to a specific energy in the XPS spectra [209] which enables their discrimination (Bharti et al [210]).…”

“…Figure18. XPS spectrum of a titanium implant surface revealing its elementary composition at the surface (after Lach et al[209].…”

“…XPS spectrum of a titanium implant surface. Information on the electronic state of Ti is available (after Lach et al[209]).…”

In Situ Imaging of Subcutaneous Drug Delivery Systems Using Microspatially Offset Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy

“…However, from an analytical and clinical perspective, it has been difficult to characterize these drug delivery platforms in situ after implantation to enable decisions on when to readminister or to project timeframes for effectiveness in individuals. Typically, for diagnostic purposes, ultrasound imaging has been applied to identify changes in uniformity, placement, and overall structure of the implant. , For a more in-depth in vivo characterization, advanced analytical techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) or three-dimensional (3D)-fluorescence imaging have been utilized to determine the drug distribution both in the implant and in the surrounding tissue. However, these approaches can be invasive (especially MALDI-IMS that requires excision) and are limited in their scalability and practical accessibility to healthcare environments.…”

Selected Spectroscopic Techniques for Surface Analysis of Dental Materials: A Narrative Review

“…The use of spectroscopy, especially in combination with microscopic techniques, provides valuable information on the chemical structure of dental materials. The major advantages of spectroscopic techniques are seen in the fact that they are non-destructive and using small amount of sample weights [ 34 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Spectroscopic techniques including: Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, Ultraviolet and Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray spectroscopy, and Mass Spectrometry (MS) are very useful in the dental material studies [ 53 ].…”