Speed‐of‐Processing Training in Assisted and Independent Living: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Smith, Marianne; Jones, Michael P.; Dotson, Megan M.; Wolinsky, Fredric D.

doi:10.1111/jgs.15423

Cited by 6 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…Supplementary Figure 1 contains the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) flow chart ( 28 , 29 ). A total of 370 participants were consented, of whom 19 did not meet the inclusion criteria and were not randomized.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this article, we evaluated whether visual speed of processing training, when used with older adults in assisted and independent living settings in senior living communities ( 28 , 29 ), would have similar beneficial effects on health-related quality of life as those reported for community-dwelling older adults ( 21 , 22 , 25 ). We hypothesized that visual speed of processing training would have these beneficial effects for several reasons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used two second-generation versions of the visual speed of processing training that was used in ACTIVE (16–19; Road Tour/Double Decision , https://www.brainhq.com/why-brainhq/ ). Both have been shown to be equally effective on processing speed ( 28 ). They, however, differed from the ACTIVE platform in several ways including the use of graphic user interfaces operating in Windows rather than MS-DOS, the addition of gaming elements (in Road Tour ), the elimination of the need for standby supervision, and the suitability for individual delivery.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this article, we examined whether visual speed of processing training had a beneficial effect on health-related quality of life in the MOOD Study ( 27 , 28 ), an RCT conducted among older adults in senior living communities. The MOOD Study’s three aims were to examine whether visual speed of processing training improved processing speed ( 28 ), reduced depressive symptoms and depression ( 29 ), and improved health-related quality of life. Our examination of the effects of visual speed of processing training on health-related quality of life is important because since 2007, more than 700 senior residential facilities and communities have installed some type of computerized cognitive training programs, and 300 of these used a single program (Brain Fitness, https://www.dakim.com/dakim/ ) that has never been tested in these communities ( 30 , 31 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does Visual Speed of Processing Training Improve Health-Related Quality of Life in Assisted and Independent Living Communities?: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Wolinsky

Jones

Dotson

2020

Innovation in Aging

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Background and Objectives Visual speed of processing training had clinically and statistically significant beneficial effects on health-related quality of life among 2,802 healthy community-dwelling adults 65-94 years old at two and five years post-training in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly randomized controlled trial. We examined whether that effect would be found among older adults in assisted and independent living communities. Research Design and Methods We conducted a two-arm, parallel randomized controlled trial stratified by assisted vs. independent settings in 31 senior living communities and enrolled 351 adults aged 55-102 years old. The targeted intervention dose was ten hours at baseline with four-hour boosters at five and eleven months. The intervention group received computerized visual speed of processing training, while the attention control group solved computerized crossword puzzles. The health-related quality of life outcomes were the Short Form 36-Item Health Survey’s mental and physical component T-scores. Linear mixed effect models were used. Results Visual speed of processing, assisted living, and their interaction had no clinically or statistically significant effects on the physical component T-scores. However, visual speed of processing (p = 0.022), assisted living (p= 0.022), and their interaction (p = 0.007) had clinically and statistically significant effects on the mental component T-scores. The estimated marginal means revealed a small effect-sized positive 2.2 point visual speed of processing training effect in the independent living communities, but a clinically important harmful -4.2 point visual speed of processing training effect in the assisted living communities. Discussion and Implications Given the medium-sized harmful effect of visual speed of processing training among those in the assisted living communities, caution is advised when using these two visual speed of processing training modalities in assisted living communities until further research verifies or refutes our findings and the underlying etiological pathways.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does Visual Speed of Processing Training Improve Health-Related Quality of Life in Assisted and Independent Living Communities?: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Wolinsky

Jones

Dotson

2020

Innovation in Aging

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Computerized Games versus Crosswords Training in Mild Cognitive Impairment

et al. 2022

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Speed of processing training and depression in assisted and independent living: A randomized controlled trial

et al. 2019

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Late life depression is widely associated with lower quality of life and greater disability, making it an important target for prevention. Earlier randomized controlled trials [RCTs] demonstrated that speed of processing training [SOPT] led to reductions in depressive symptoms and clinical depression in community-dwelling adults. Our purpose was to evaluate depression outcomes related to SOPT among older adults who live in supported senior living settings. This two-arm, parallel RCT included 351 participants aged 55–102 years who resided in assisted and independent settings in 31 senior living communities. Participants were randomized within sites to computerized SOPT vs. computerized crossword puzzles with a targeted dose of 10 hours of playtime at baseline plus 4 hours of booster training at five and eleven months. Depression outcomes included the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9] scores, categorical levels, and dichotomous indicators. Random effects linear mixed effect models estimated SOPT effects in intention-to-treat complete case and multiple imputation analyses. Mean age of the sample was 81.0 years, 72.2% were women, and 41.0% resided in assisted living. At baseline 65.7% had no depression [PHQ-9 scores < 5] and 6.6% had clinically meaningful depression [PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10]. At 12 months we found significantly increased PHQ-9 scores [p = 0.006] and categorical levels [p = 0.003], and higher percentages of PHQ-2 scores > 3 [p = 0.016] and major depressive syndrome [p = 0.045] among the assisted living SOPT group. No significant change in depression was observed in the independent living SOPT or attention control groups. In summary, the SOPT known as Road Tour/Double Decision significantly increased, rather than decreased, the burden of depressive symptoms among participants residing in assisted living. Given these risks, this SOPT program should be avoided among older people in assisted living settings, and other SOPT interventions should be combined with systematic depression monitoring.

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Speed‐of‐Processing Training in Assisted and Independent Living: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract: These findings support public health messaging about the potential benefits of SOPT for older adults in senior living communities and support the feasibility and acceptability of SOPT in assisted and independent living for older adults.

Cited by 6 publications

References 32 publications

Does Visual Speed of Processing Training Improve Health-Related Quality of Life in Assisted and Independent Living Communities?: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Does Visual Speed of Processing Training Improve Health-Related Quality of Life in Assisted and Independent Living Communities?: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Computerized Games versus Crosswords Training in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Speed of processing training and depression in assisted and independent living: A randomized controlled trial

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