Speed of sound measurements and mixing characterization of underexpanded fuel jets with supercritical reservoir condition using laser-induced thermal acoustics

Baab, Steffen; Förster, Felix J.; Lamanna, Grazia; Weigand, Bernhard

doi:10.1007/s00348-016-2252-3

Cited by 22 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…This qualifies the technique as an excellent method to overcome the general lack of experimental data. A full discussion of the advantages of this technique, a comparison to alternative diagnostic tools as well as an overview of existing experimental studies in literature are given in Baab et al (2016).…”

Section: 44 Page 2 Of 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chamber design and experimental strategy are the same as in Baab et al (2016). Chamber pressure and temperature are measured with a piezoresistive pressure sensor (Keller PA-21Y) and two K-type thermocouples, respectively.…”

Section: Test Chamber and Injection Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laser-induced thermal acoustics (LITA), or more generally referred to as laser-induced gratings (LIGS), is discussed to more detail in the literature: Baab et al (2016) with respect to its application for fuel jets or, for instance (Kiefer and Ewart 2011) for a full treatment of the theory. The discussion of underlying principles shall, therefore, be limited to the following brief outline.…”

Section: Laser-induced Thermal Acoustics (Lita)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4. Note again that it is adapted from earlier versions of the setup described in Förster et al (2015) and Baab et al (2016). The description here is, therefore, limited to the essentials like the wavelengths of the excitation ( = 1064 nm ) and interrogation beams ( = 532 nm ).…”

Section: Optical Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that this represents the worst-case approximation of the measurement volume as the interrogation beam only partially overlaps the excited region. The same configuration was used in Baab et al (2016) that allowed resolution of the radial profiles of the jets whose characteristic dimensions typically comprise several nozzle diameters ( D = 236 μm ). To ensure that the optical alignment for this study has the same accuracy in probing the centerline as the previous study, the same alignment approach is used, i.e.…”

Section: Optical Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mixing characterization of highly underexpanded fluid jets with real gas expansion

et al. 2018

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We report a comprehensive speed of sound database for multi-component mixing of underexpanded fuel jets with real gas expansion. The paper presents several reference test cases with well-defined experimental conditions providing quantitative data for validation of computational simulations. Two injectant fluids, fundamentally different with respect to their critical properties, are brought to supercritical state and discharged into cold nitrogen at different pressures. The database features a wide range of nozzle pressure ratios covering the regimes that are generally classified as highly and extremely highly underexpanded jets. Further variation is introduced by investigating different injection temperatures. Measurements are obtained along the centerline at different axial positions. In addition, an adiabatic mixing model based on non-ideal thermodynamic mixture properties is used to extract mixture compositions from the experimental speed of sound data. The concentration data obtained are complemented by existing experimental data and represented by an empirical fit.

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Section: 44 Page 2 Of 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Test Chamber and Injection Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laser-induced Thermal Acoustics (Lita)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optical Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optical Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mixing characterization of highly underexpanded fluid jets with real gas expansion

et al. 2018

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On the Consideration of Diffusive Fluxes Within High-Pressure Injections

Föll

Gerber

Munz

et al. 2020

Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design

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Mixing characteristics of supercritical injection studies were analyzed with regard to the necessity to include diffusive fluxes. Therefore, speed of sound data from mixing jets were investigated using an adiabatic mixing model and compared to an analytic solution. In this work, we show that the generalized application of the adiabatic mixing model may become inappropriate for subsonic submerged jets at high-pressure conditions. Two cases are discussed where thermal and concentration driven fluxes are seen to have significant influence. To which extent the adiabatic mixing model is valid depends on the relative importance of local diffusive fluxes, namely Fourier, Fick and Dufour diffusion. This is inter alia influenced by different time and length scales. The experimental data from a high-pressure n-hexane/nitrogen jet injection were investigated numerically. Finally, based on recent numerical findings, the plausibility of different thermodynamic mixing models for binary mixtures under high pressure conditions is analyzed.

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Accuracy of non-resonant laser-induced thermal acoustics (LITA) in a convergent–divergent nozzle flow

Richter

Mayer

2018

Appl. Phys. B

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Speed of sound measurements and mixing characterization of underexpanded fuel jets with supercritical reservoir condition using laser-induced thermal acoustics

Cited by 22 publications

References 39 publications

Mixing characterization of highly underexpanded fluid jets with real gas expansion

Mixing characterization of highly underexpanded fluid jets with real gas expansion

On the Consideration of Diffusive Fluxes Within High-Pressure Injections

Accuracy of non-resonant laser-induced thermal acoustics (LITA) in a convergent–divergent nozzle flow

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