Spicing Up Pharmacology: A Review of Synthetic Cannabinoids From Structure to Adverse Events

Davidson, Charles S.; Opacka‐Juffry, Jolanta; Arévalo-Martı́n, Ángel; Garcı́a-Ovejero, Daniel; Molina‐Holgado, Eduardo; Molina-Holgado, Francisco

doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2017.05.001

Cited by 46 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…There is a well-known correlation between cannabis use and psychosis [24]. Considering the potent psychoactive effects of synthetic cannabinoids, it would not be surprising to observe cases of psychosis caused by acute or constant use of synthetic cannabinoid-involving substances [11,25]. Psychotic conditions, schizophrenia and mood disorders are the prominent psychiatric side effects of cannabinoids [3,11,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabinoid Use and Depression: Comparison of Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids

Akdeniz¹,

Sait²

2020

Clin Med Rev Case Rep

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Purpose: Patients who predominantly used marijuana (natural cannabis) and patients who predominantly used synthetic cannabinoids in their history were evaluated as two separate groups in our study which aimed to compare the sociodemographic characteristics and depressive symptoms of these two groups. Method: The sample of our study consisted of those patients who referred to the Polyclinic of Psychiatry at Ardahan State Hospital and were diagnosed with substance addiction. 30 polyclinic patients who defined predominant use of marijuana and 20 polyclinic patients who defined predominant use of synthetic cannabinoids (bonzai, Jamaika, etc.) (SC) were included in the study. The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were determined, and the depressive symptoms were assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory. Results: Our study determined the socio-demographic characteristics of the marijuana-using group and the synthetic-cannabinoid-using group as similar. The depression score of the group using synthetic cannabinoids was found to be significantly higher. Discussion: In our study, findings pointing to the fact that cannabinoid use increases depressive symptoms and that synthetic cannabinoids have a strong depressive side effect have been obtained. The cross-sectional characteristic of the study and the low number of subjects constitute the limitations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabinoid Use and Depression: Comparison of Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids

Akdeniz¹,

Sait²

2020

Clin Med Rev Case Rep

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“…97 As a result, SCs produce greater cognitive and psychomotor impairment, enhanced sensory perception changes, intense visual hallucinations, severe paranoid feelings, and behavioral disturbances. [98][99][100] Widespread use of SCs has led to more calls to the US poison control centers 101 and visits to emergency departments. 102,103 Production of new SCs by clandestine laboratories outpaces the ability of the federal government to regulate their use.…”

Section: Synthetic Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis and work: Need for more research

Howard

Osborne

2020

American J Industrial Med

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Cannabis sativa is one of the oldest and most widely used plants in the world with a variety of industrial, medical, and nonmedical applications. Despite its long history, cannabis-derived products remain a source of controversy across the fields of medicine, law, and occupational safety and health. More favorable public attitudes about cannabis in the US have resulted in greater access to cannabis through legalization by states, leading to more consumption by workers. As more states adopt cannabis access laws, and as more workers choose to consume cannabis products, the implications for existing workplace policies, programs, and practices become more salient. Past workplace practices were grounded in a time when cannabis consumption was always viewed as problematic, considered a moral failing, and was universally illegal. Shifting cultural views and the changing legal status of cannabis indicate a need for research into the implications and challenges relating to cannabis and work. This commentary suggests research needs in the following areas: (a) data about industries and occupations where cannabis consumption among workers is most prevalent; (b) adverse health consequences of cannabis consumption among workers; (c) workplace supported recovery programs; (d) hazards to workers in the emerging cannabis industry; (e) relationship between cannabis consumption and occupational injuries; (f) ways to assess performance deficits and impairment from cannabis consumption; (g) consumption of synthetic cannabinoids to evade detection by drug testing; (h) cannabis consumption and its effect on occupational driving; and (i) ways to craft workplace policies and practices that take into consideration conflicting state and federal laws pertaining to cannabis. 1 | INTRODUCTION Cannabis sativa is one of the oldest and most widely used plants in the world. 1 Native to Asia, the different cultivars of C. sativa have been used for a wide variety of industrial, medical, and nonmedical uses for thousands of years. 2 Despite its long history, the use of cannabisderived products remains a source of controversy across the fields of medicine, law, and occupational safety and health. 3-6 More favorable public attitudes about cannabis in the United States have resulted in greater access to cannabis through legalization by states and led to more consumption. In 2018, 40.3 million Americans aged 18 or older used cannabis at some time during that year. 7 Increases in use were greater in states that adopted medical cannabis access laws than nonadopting states. 8 Nearly 18% of workers employed full-time, and nearly 21% of workers employed part-time, used

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“…We note previous studies on SCRAs from outside our search period (January 2008-December 2018), such as Randall et al 109 In this article, we focussed only on studies from the last 10 years, which include the so-called third generation SCRAs. 110 129 Further, more resources, whether it be policing, research, healthcare or education could be targeted at those NPS predicted to be more addictive. The next most common type of study examined cell toxicity (24%).…”

Section: Scrasmentioning

confidence: 99%

How preclinical studies have influenced novel psychoactive substance legislation in the UK and Europe

Santos-Toscano

Guirguis

Davidson

2020

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are new drugs of abuse. Over the last 10 years 50–100 new NPS have been detected for the first time each year. This has led to numerous deaths and challenges to healthcare providers and law‐makers worldwide. We review preclinical studies of NPS and discuss how these studies have influenced legislative decisions. We focus on the UK legal system but include experiences from Europe. We reviewed manuscripts from 2008–2019 and have summarised the in vitro and in vivo data on NPS, highlighting how these studies define pharmacological mechanisms and how they might predict harm in humans. We found that only a small percentage of NPS have been examined in preclinical studies. Most preclinical studies of NPS focus on basic pharmacological mechanisms (46% of studies reviewed) and/or addictive liability (32%) rather than toxicity and harm (24%). Very few preclinical studies into NPS include data from chronic dosing schedules (9%) or female rodents (4%). We conclude that preclinical studies can predict harm to humans, but most of the predictions are based on basic pharmacology rather than demonstrated toxicity. Some of these studies have been used to make changes to the law in the UK and Europe and perhaps, because of the paucity of toxicology data, most NPS have been placed in the highly dangerous schedule 1 or Class A category in the UK. We suggest that in silico studies and high throughput toxicology screens might be the most economical way forward to rapidly screen the health harms of NPS.

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Spicing Up Pharmacology: A Review of Synthetic Cannabinoids From Structure to Adverse Events

Cited by 46 publications

References 154 publications

Cannabinoid Use and Depression: Comparison of Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids

Cannabinoid Use and Depression: Comparison of Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids

Cannabis and work: Need for more research

How preclinical studies have influenced novel psychoactive substance legislation in the UK and Europe

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