Spider Populations in New Jersey Apple Orchards1

Specht, H. B.; Dondale, C. D.

doi:10.1093/jee/53.5.810

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Previous studies have shown the same result from several European and American orchards (Klein, 1988 (Germany);Olszak et al, 1992a (Poland);Dondale, 1958;Specht and Dondale, 1960;Bostanian et al, 1984 (Canada);McCaffrey and Horsburgh, 1980 (USA)). This pattern originates mainly from seasonal change in abundance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…For orchard ecosystems several faunistic studies have been carried out in Europe (Chant, 1956;Loomans, 1978;Klein, 1988;Olszak et al, 1992a;Bogya et al, 1999a), which indicate that a relatively large number (50 ± 70) of spider species occurs in orchards. Moreover, all studies agree that both the species richness and the density of spider communities in untreated orchards are significantly higher than in treated orchards (Chant, 1956;Specht and Dondale, 1960;Legner and Oatman, 1964;Mansour et al, 1980). Integrated pest management (IPM) programmes, where the amount of acaricides used against mite pests is considerably reduced (Blommers, 1994), provide a possibility for the establishment of high density spider communities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

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Effect of pest management systems on foliage- and grass-dwelling spider communities in an apple orchard in Hungary

Bogya¹,

Markó²,

Szinetár³

2000

International Journal of Pest Management

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Spider communities (Araneae) inhabiting the canopy, the herbaceous layer and the borders, as well as the populations overwintering on the tree trunks of different aged IPM and conventional apple orchards were investigated in Hungary. Abundance and species richness of entire spider communities in IPM plots were significantly higher than in conventional plots, probably owing to the lower toxicity of pesticides used and higher prey densities. In the case of abundance, similar tendencies were observed in web-building and hunting spider guilds. Age of plantations can significantly influence spider density in the canopy, acting through the prey density. In young plantations, where size of the canopy was smaller and density of the pear lace bug (Stephanitis pyri L.) higher, significantly higher numbers of hunting spider communities were present than in old plantations which had been similarly treated. This relationship was not observed for web-building spiders. Diversity of canopy-inhabiting spider communities was higher in old plots, regardless of the treatments. The effect of the border of the orchard on spider communities was investigated and it was found that when selective insecticides were used, migration of spiders into orchards was increased significantly. When broad-spectrum insecticides were applied, spider densities in the canopy did not differ between outer and inner rows of the orchards. The effect of the treatments and orchard age, both on abundance and species richness of overwintering spider communities on the trunk, showed the same result as for canopy spiders, namely significantly larger spider communities were found in IPM plots and in the young plantation than in conventionally-treated plots and in the old plantation. Broad-spectrum insecticides reduced abundance and species richness of spider communities in the herbaceous layer of the conventionally-treated plot. At the same time, the spider communities of the herbaceous layer of the IPM plot did not differ significantly from adjacent herbaceous plants. A significant overlap exists between spider communities of the canopy and herbaceous layer. Despite chemical treatments, migration from the herbaceous layer into the canopy occurs. The effects of chemical treatments on the dominant species are discussed. There were no significant differences between the differently treated plots in abundance of one of the dominant species Oxyopes heterophthalmus Latreille. However, the other dominant species, Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch, was more abundant in the IPM plots.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Effect of pest management systems on foliage- and grass-dwelling spider communities in an apple orchard in Hungary

Bogya¹,

Markó²,

Szinetár³

2000

International Journal of Pest Management

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“…Surveys of spider populations in apple orchards were carried out by Chant (1956) in England, Dondale (1956Dondale ( , 1958 in Nova Scotia, Specht and Dondale (1960) in New Jersey, Hukusima and Kondo (1962) in Japan, Legner and Otman (1964) in Wisconsin, Dondale (1966) and MacLellan (1973) in Australia, Hagley (1974) in Ontario, Dondale and others (1979) in Quebec, Mansour andothers (1980) in Israel, andMcCaffrey andHorsburgh (1980) in central Virginia. Putnam (1967) reported on the spiders in peach orchards in Ontario, Muma (1975) on the spiders in citrus in Florida, and Carroll (1980) on the spiders in citrus in southern California.…”

Section: Composition Of Spider Fauna In Crop Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spider management in agroecosystems: Habitat manipulation

Mansour

Richman

Whitcomb

1983

Environmental Management

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/ Based on the literature and on work conducted in Israel, the management of spider populations through habitat manipulation was found to be very helpful in controlling pest insects in various crops. Spiders were found to be reduced or eliminated by nonselective insecticides, although some resistance has been notedIn some ecological situations, spiders can contribute tO prey reduction and regulation. In each ecosystem the impact of spiders follows two pathways. These are the predatory pressure of the whole group of spiders on the entomocoenosis, and the pressure of particular spider species on some species of phytophagous insects (Luczak 1979). The results obtained by American, Japanese, and Polish arachnologists in crop fields, and by Canadian and Israeli arachnologists in orchards, provide evidence that spiders can be used as the natural enemies of pests in several key crops. It is known that, under crop conditions, spiders are important enemies of aphids, mites, and lepidoptera larvae and eggs.

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“…Others have investigated spiders from the fact that spiders are widely distributed as part of the general trophic structure of marsh and predominant predators in terrestrial ecosysecosystems (Marples 1966, Cameron 1972, Webb terns (Barnes 1953, Headstrom 1972, Moulder & 1976, Pfeiffer & Wiegert 1981, Roderick 1987 or Reichle 1972, Turnbull 1973, Nyffeler & Benz 1979 have focused on the regulatory role of spiders in Foelix 1982, Sunderland et al 1985 and because the population dynamics of their prey (Greenstone of their potential role as biological control agents 1978, Vince et al 1981). (Specht & Dondale 1960, Whitcomb et al 1963, Studies of community change along altitudinal Sunderland et al 1985, Provencher & Vickery 1988 and successional gradients can elucidate how cerfor a review see Riechert & Lockley 1984).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spider (Araneae) Community Structure in an Intertidal Salt Marsh: Effects of Vegetation Structure and Tidal Flooding

Döbel

Denno

Coddington

1990

Environmental Entomology

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The effects of vegetation structure and tidal flooding on the organization of a spider community were studied along an elevational gradient in an intertidal marsh. High marsh habitats were dominated by the grass Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., a species characterized by a low, matted profile and a complex layer of thatch. Another grass, Spartina alterniftora Lois., is more upright in structure, has a poorly developed thatch layer, and abounds in habitats that extend from the high marsh to much lower elevations. Along this elevational gradient, the structure of S. alterniftora changes from a short form on the high marsh to a tall form on the low marsh, and the frequency and duration of tidal flooding increases. Although more robust in structure during the summer months, the tall-form habitat of S. alterniftora is selectively destroyed and defaunated during the winter by shifting ice and storms and must be recolonized by spiders every spring from the more protected overwintering short-form habitat of S. alterniftora on the high marsh. In all, 21 species of resident spiders were sampled from the two grasses. The community of spiders in S. patens was less diverse than in S. alterniftora and consisted mostly of hunting spiders (Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae, Philodromidae, and Salticidae), which were more abundant in this low-profile grass. Web-building spiders (Dictynidae, Linyphiidae, Araneidae, and Tetragnathidae), which were rare in S. patens, occurred commonly in the more uprightstructured S. alterniftora because of the abundance of sites for web attachment. Down the elevational gradient from short-form to tall-form S. alterniftora, the abundance of most hunting spiders and several web-building species decreased and was associated with an increase in the frequency and duration of tidal flooding. Winter defaunation of tall-form S. alterniftora contributed further to the depauperate spider community in this low marsh habitat. Thus, vegetation structure and elevational factors act in concert to influence the distribution, abundance, and community structure of spiders in intertidal marshes.KEY WORDS Arachnida, Spartina architecture, spider community structure, tidal flooding THE STRUCTURE of spider communities in natural gations on the diversity and structure of spider as well as agricultural ecosystems has received concommunities have been conducted in marshes along siderable attention (e.g

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Spider Populations in New Jersey Apple Orchards1

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of pest management systems on foliage- and grass-dwelling spider communities in an apple orchard in Hungary

Effect of pest management systems on foliage- and grass-dwelling spider communities in an apple orchard in Hungary

Spider management in agroecosystems: Habitat manipulation

Spider (Araneae) Community Structure in an Intertidal Salt Marsh: Effects of Vegetation Structure and Tidal Flooding

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