“…At present, a variety of implantable nerve stimulators have been clinically employed and demonstrated to be efficacious in alleviating numerous pathologies. Several implantable devices are already in routine use, including hypoglossal nerve stimulation in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea [76,137]; chronic spinal cord stimulation in patients with severe neuropathic pain [153,160]; direct electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves in patients with bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction [30,40]; and even transcutaneous stimulation of the trigeminal nerve in migraine patients [35,36,75,107,125,136,142]. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is arguably the most successful example of a bioelectric technology that has transitioned into the clinical realm to treat a variety of neurological disorders with an incredible degree of efficacy [59,108].…”