Spinning reserve quantification by a stochastic–probabilistic scheme for smart power systems with high wind penetration

A stochastic–probabilistic energy and reserve market clearing scheme for smart power systems with plug-in electrical vehicles

“…The Rayleigh probability density function [36,37] is one of these approaches. This probability density function is formulated as follows:…”

“…For this research, ten different scenarios are generated according to the method used in [36] which includes wind power variations, load forecasting errors, and PEV aggregators forecast errors. Table 1 shows the summary of the results for case 1 and case 2.…”

A bi-level integrated generation-transmission planning model incorporating the impacts of demand response by operation simulation

“…More importantly, DR is essentially a concept at the operation level rather than the planning level [21]. That is why more researches and models incorporating DR are in the area of operation issues, such as unit commitment and distributed dispatch [15,[22][23][24][25][26]. When it comes to planning issues considering DR, existing researches often focus on the effect of DR on reducing peak load [17,18].…”

“…It is also known as dispatchable DR, which indicates IBDR can be dispatched like generation units [21]. A number of studies have been carried out to incorporate IBDR in UC models or economic dispatch models [22][23][24][25][26]. In terms of effects, IBDR consists of load curtailment and load shifting [28].…”

A new method to adequate assessment of wind farms’ power output

“…Thus, by taking the wind speed values and power curve into account, WT's power output values can be achieved precisely. This approach is broadly used in many research fields of power systems including wind energy resources such as WT and WF modeling [8][9][10], reliability evaluation in the presence of wind energy [11][12][13], optimal power flow considering the stochastic nature of the WFs [14,15], power system expansion planning integrated with wind power resources [16,17], determining the optimal capacity of wind energy in power systems [18], defining spinning reserve in power system with the penetration of WFs [19] and hybrid power systems including wind energy [20,21].…”