Spinor F = 1 Bose-Einstein condensates loaded in two types of radially-periodic potentials with spin-orbit coupling*

Abstract

We consider two-dimensional spinor F = 1 Bose-Einstein condensates in two types of radially-periodic potentials with spin-orbit coupling, i.e., spin-independent and spin-dependent radially-periodic potentials. For the Bose-Einstein condensates in a spin-independent radially-periodic potential, the density of each component exhibits the periodic density modulation along the azimuthal direction, which realizes the necklacelike state in the ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensates. As the spin-exchange interaction increases, the necklacelike state gradually transition to the plane wave phase for the antiferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensates with larger spin-orbit coupling. The competition of the spin-dependent radially-periodic potential, spin-orbit coupling, and spin-exchange interaction gives rise to the exotic ground-state phases when the Bose-Einstein condensates in a spin-dependent radially-periodic potential.

Anharmonicity-induced phase transition of spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensates

“…For the thermodynamic properties of condensates, the specific heat, transition temperature and condensation fraction of interacting Bose gases are also modified by anharmonic potential [27]. On the other hand, after the realization of SO coupled BECs [3], the SO coupling breaks the Galilean invariance of the system and regulates the collapse of the condensates [46], and the anharmonicity of external potential can induce novel vortex structures [47][48][49] and topological defects [21] in the rotating condensates such as skyrmion, meron cluster, skyrmion string and various skyrmion lattices [50]. Similar phenomena occurs in rotating dipolar condensates due to anharmonic trap [30].…”